Trilateral Commission [Triliteral (3 consonant)]
Trilateral Commission
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Trilateral Commission
The Trilateral Commission is a private organization, established to foster closer cooperation among the United States, Europe and Japan.[citation needed] It was founded in July 1973 at the initiative of David Rockefeller, who was Chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations at that time. The Trilateral Commission is widely seen as a counterpart to the Council on Foreign Relations.[1]
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[edit] Established
Speaking at the Chase Manhattan International Financial Forums in London, Brussels, Montreal, and Paris, Rockefeller proposed the creation of an International Commission of Peace and Prosperity in early 1972 (which would later become the Trilateral Commission). At the 1972 Bilderberg meeting, the idea was widely accepted, but elsewhere, it got a cold reception. According to Rockefeller, the organization could “be of help to government by providing measured judgment.”
Zbigniew Brzezinski,[2] a professor at Columbia University and a Rockefeller advisor who was a specialist on international affairs, left his post to organize the group along with:
- Henry D. Owen (a Foreign Policy Studies Director with the Brookings Institution)
- George S. Franklin
- Robert R. Bowie (of the Foreign Policy Association and Director of the Harvard Center for International Affairs)
- Gerard C. Smith (Salt I negotiator, Rockefeller in-law, and its first North American Chairman)
- Marshall Hornblower (former partner at Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering)
- William Scranton (former Governor of Pennsylvania)
- Edwin Reischauer (a professor at Harvard)
- Max Kohnstamm (European Policy Centre)
Other founding members included Alan Greenspan and Paul Volcker, both eventually heads of the Federal Reserve system.
Funding for the group came from David Rockefeller, the Charles F. Kettering Foundation, and the Ford Foundation.
[edit] Activity history
In July 1972, Rockefeller called his first meeting, which was held at Rockefeller’s Pocantico compound in New York’s Hudson Valley. It was attended by about 250 individuals who were carefully selected and screened by Rockefeller and represented the very elite of finance and industry.
Its first executive committee meeting was held in Tokyo in October 1973. The Trilateral Commission was officially initiated, holding biannual meetings.
A Trilateral Commission Task Force Report, presented at the 1975 meeting in Kyoto, Japan, called An Outline for Remaking World Trade and Finance, said: “Close Trilateral cooperation in keeping the peace, in managing the world economy, and in fostering economic development and in alleviating world poverty, will improve the chances of a smooth and peaceful evolution of the global system.” Another Commission document read:
“The overriding goal is to make the world safe for interdependence by protecting the benefits which it provides for each country against external and internal threats which will constantly emerge from those willing to pay a price for more national autonomy. This may sometimes require slowing the pace at which interdependence proceeds, and checking some aspects of it. More frequently however, it will call for checking the intrusion of national government into the international exchange of both economic and non-economic goods.”
In May 1976, the first plenary meeting of all of the Commission’s regional groups took place in Kyoto, attended by Jimmy Carter.[3] Today it consists of approximately 300–350 private citizens from Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, and North America, and exists to promote closer political and economic cooperation between these areas, which are the primary industrial regions in the world.[3] Its official journal from its founding is a magazine called Trialogue.
Membership is divided into numbers proportionate to each of its three regional areas. These members include corporate CEOs, politicians of all major parties, distinguished academics, university presidents, labor union leaders and not-for-profits involved in overseas philanthropy. Members who gain a position in their respective country’s government must resign from the Commission. The North American continent is represented by 107 members (15 Canadian, seven Mexican and 85 U.S. citizens). The European group has reached its limit of 150 members, including citizens from Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United Kingdom.[citation needed]
At first, Asia and Oceania were represented only by Japan. However, in 2000 the Japanese group of 85 members expanded itself, becoming the Pacific Asia group, composed of 117 members: 75 Japanese, 11 South Koreans, seven Australian and New Zealand citizens, and 15 members from the ASEAN nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand). The Pacific Asia group also includes nine members from China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
Three Mile Island accident
Three Mile Island accident
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President Jimmy Carter leaving Three Mile IslandMiddletown, Pennsylvania, April 1, 1979 for
The Three Mile Island accident was a partial core meltdown in Unit 2 (a pressurized water reactor Babcock & Wilcox) of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania near Harrisburg. The plant was owned and operated by General Public Utilities and the Metropolitan Edison Co. It was the most significant accident in the history of the American commercial nuclear power generating industry, resulting in the release of up to 481 PBq (13 million curies) of radioactive GBq (20 curies) of the particularly dangerous iodine-131.[1] manufactured by gases, but less than 740
The accident began at 4 a.m. on Wednesday, March 28, 1979, with failures in the non-nuclear secondary system, followed by a stuck-open pilot-operated relief valve (PORV) in the primary system, which allowed large amounts of nuclear reactor coolant to escape. The mechanical failures were compounded by the initial failure of plant operators to recognize the situation as a loss of coolant accident due to inadequate training and human factors, such as industrial design errors relating to ambiguous control room indicators in the power plant’s user interface. The scope and complexity of the accident became clear over the course of five days, as employees of Metropolitan Edison (Met Ed, the utility operating the plant), Pennsylvania state officials, and members of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) tried to understand the problem, communicate the situation to the press and local community, decide whether the accident required an emergency evacuation, and ultimately end the crisis.
In the end, the reactor was brought under control, although full details of the accident were not discovered until much later, following extensive investigations by both a presidential commission and the NRC. The Kemeny Commission Report concluded that “there will either be no case of cancer or the number of cases will be so small that it will never be possible to detect them. The same conclusion applies to the other possible health effects.”[2] Several epidemiological studies in the years since the accident have supported the conclusion that radiation releases from the accident had no perceptible effect on cancer incidence in residents near the plant, though these findings have been contested by one team of researchers.[3]
Public reaction to the event was probably influenced by the release of the movie The China Syndrome 12 days before the accident, depicting an accident at a nuclear reactor.[4] Communications from officials during the initial phases of the accident were felt to be confusing.[5] The accident crystallized anti-nuclear safety concerns among activists and the general public, resulted in new regulations for the nuclear industry, and has been cited as a contributor to the decline of new reactor construction that was already underway in the 1970s.
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Chicago Tylenol murders
Chicago Tylenol murders
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The Chicago Tylenol murders occurred when seven people died after taking pain-relief capsules that had been poisoned. The Tylenol poisonings, code-named TYMURS by the FBI, took place in the autumn of 1982 in the Chicago area of the United States. These poisonings involved Extra-Strength Tylenol medicine capsules which had been laced with potassium cyanide.[1] The incident led to reforms in the packaging of over-the-counter substances and to federal anti-tampering laws. The case remains unsolved and no suspects have been charged. A $100,000 reward, offered by Johnson & Johnson for the capture and conviction of the “Tylenol Killer,” has never been claimed.
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[edit] The incidents
Wednesday morning, September 29, 1982, 12-year-old Mary Kellerman of Elk Grove Village, Illinois, died after taking a capsule of Extra Strength Tylenol. Adam Janus of Arlington Heights, Illinois, died in the hospital shortly thereafter. Adam’s brother Stanley of Lisle, Illinois, and sister-in-law Theresa died after gathering to mourn his death, having taken pills from the same bottle. Soon afterward, Mary McFarland of Elmhurst, Paula Prince of Chicago, and Mary Reiner of Winfield, Illinois, also died in similar incidents.[2][3] Investigators soon discovered the Tylenol link. Urgent warnings were broadcast, and police drove through Chicago neighborhoods issuing warnings over loudspeakers.
As the tampered bottles came from different factories, and the seven deaths had all occurred in the Chicago area, the possibility of sabotage during production was ruled out. Instead, the culprit was believed to have entered various supermarkets and drug stores over a period of weeks, pilfered packages of Tylenol from the shelves, adulterated their contents with solid cyanide compound at another location, and then replaced the bottles. In addition to the five bottles which led to the victims’ deaths, three other tampered bottles were discovered.
Johnson & Johnson, the parent company of McNeil, distributed warnings to hospitals and distributors and halted Tylenol production and advertising. On October 5, 1982, it issued a nationwide recall of Tylenol products; an estimated 31 million bottles were in circulation, with a retail value of over US$100 million. The company also advertised in the national media for individuals not to consume any products that contained acetaminophen. When it was determined that only capsules were tampered with, they offered to exchange all Tylenol capsules already purchased by the public with solid tablets.
[edit] Suspects
During the initial investigations, a man named James W. Lewis sent a letter to Johnson & Johnson demanding $1 million to stop the cyanide-induced murders. Police were unable to link him with the crimes, as he and his wife were living in New York City at the time. He was convicted of extortion, served 13 years of a 20-year sentence, and was released in 1995 on parole. WCVB Channel 5 of Boston reported that court documents, released in early 2009, “show Department of Justice investigators concluded suspect James W. Lewis, who now lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts, was responsible for the poisonings, despite the fact that they did not have enough evidence to charge him.” Lewis continues to deny responsibility for the poisonings.[4][5]
A second man, Roger Arnold, was investigated and cleared of the killings; however, the media attention caused him to have a nervous breakdown, and he blamed a bar owner, Marty Sinclair, for the police investigation of him. In the summer of 1983, he shot and killed John Stanisha, whom he mistook for Sinclair, but who was, in fact, an innocent man who did not know Arnold.[6] Arnold was convicted in January 1984 and served 15 years of a 30-year sentence for second degree murder. He died in June 2008.
Laurie Dann, who poisoned and shot victims in a May 1988 rampage in and around Winnetka, Illinois, was briefly considered as a suspect, but no direct connection was found.[7]
[edit] Aftermath
The media gave Johnson & Johnson much positive coverage for its handling of the crisis; for example, an article in the Washington Post said, “Johnson & Johnson has effectively demonstrated how a major business ought to handle a disaster.” The article further stated that “this is no Three Mile Island accident in which the company’s response did more damage than the original incident,” and applauded the company for being honest with the public. In addition to issuing the recall, Johnson & Johnson established relations with the Chicago Police, the FBI, and the Food and Drug Administration. This way the company could have a part in searching for the person who laced the Tylenol capsules and they could help prevent further tamperings.[8]analgesic in the US. While at the time of the scare the market share of Tylenol collapsed from 35% to 8%, it rebounded in less than a year, a move credited to J&J’s prompt and aggressive reaction. In November, it reintroduced capsules but in a new, triple-sealed package, coupled with heavy price promotions and within several years, Tylenol had become the most popular over-the-counter
A number of copycat attacks involving Tylenol and other products (see Stella Nickell for information on the 1986 Excedrin tampering murders) ensued during the following years. One of these incidents occurred in the Chicago area; unlike Tylenol, it actually forced the end of the product affected by the hoax, Encaprin, from Procter & Gamble. However, the incident did inspire the pharmaceutical, food, and consumer product industries to develop tamper-resistant packaging, such as induction seals and improved quality control methods. Moreover, product tampering was made a federal crime.
Additionally, the tragedy prompted the pharmaceutical industry to move away from capsules, which were easy to contaminate as a foreign substance could be placed inside without obvious signs of tampering. Within the year, the Food and Drug Administration introduced more stringent regulations to avoid product tampering. This led to the eventual replacement of the capsule with the solid “caplet”, a tablet made in the shape of a capsule, as a drug delivery form and with the addition of tamper-evident safety-seals to bottles of many sorts.
[edit] Ongoing investigations
In early January 2009, Illinois authorities renewed the investigation. Federal agents searched the home of Lewis in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and seized a number of items.[9] In Chicago, an FBI spokesman declined to comment but said “we’ll have something to release later possibly.”[10] Law enforcement officials have received a number of tips related to the case coinciding with its anniversary. In a written statement,[11] the FBI explained,
This review was prompted, in part, by the recent 25th anniversary of this crime and the resulting publicity. Further, given the many recent advances in forensic technology, it was only natural that a second look be taken at the case and recovered evidence.
Johnson and Johnson
Johnson & Johnson
Not to be confused with S. C. Johnson & Son.
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| Type | Public (NYSE: JNJ) Dow Jones Industrial Average Component |
|---|---|
| Industry | Major drugs Health care Soaps Shampoos |
| Founded | 1886 |
| Founder(s) | Robert Wood Johnson I James Wood Johnson Edward Mead Johnson |
| Headquarters | New Brunswick, NJ, U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | William C. Weldon (Chairman) & (CEO) |
| Products | Pharmaceuticals Medical devices Health care products Toiletries Soaps Shampoos , etc. |
| Revenue | ▲ US$61.9 Billion (FY 2009)[1] |
| Operating income | ▲ US$15.7 Billion (FY 2009)[1] |
| Net income | ▲ US$12.3 Billion (FY 2009)[1] |
| Total assets | ▲ US$94.7 Billion (FY 2009)[2] |
| Total equity | ▲ US$50.6 Billion (FY 2009)[2] |
| Employees | 118,700 (2009)[3] |
| Website | JNJ.com also JJ.com |
Johnson & Johnson (NYSE: JNJ) is a global American pharmaceutical, medical devices and consumer packaged goods manufacturer founded in 1886. Its common stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the company is listed among the Fortune 500. Johnson & Johnson is known for its corporate reputation, consistently ranking at the top of Harris Interactive‘s National Corporate Reputation Survey,[4] ranking as the world’s most respected company by Barron’s Magazine,[5] and was the first corporation awarded the Benjamin Franklin Award for Public Diplomacy by the U.S. State Department for its funding of international education programs.[6] A suit brought by the United States Department of Justice in 2010, however, alleges that the company from 1999 to 2004 illegally marketed drugs to Omnicare, a pharmacy that dispenses the drugs in nursing homes.[7]
The corporation’s headquarters is located in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States. Its consumerSkillman, New Jersey. The corporation includes some 250 subsidiary companies with operations in over 57 countries. Its products are sold in over 175 countries. J&J had worldwide pharmaceutical sales of $24.6 billion for the full-year 2008. division is located in
Johnson & Johnson’s brands include numerous household names of medications and first aid supplies. Among its well-known consumer products are the Band-Aid Brand line of bandages, Tylenol medications, Johnson’s baby products, Neutrogena skin and beauty products, Clean & Clear facial wash and Acuvue contact lenses
Eli Lilly
Eli Lilly
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This article is about the pharmacist and founder of Eli Lilly and Company. For the Fortune 500 pharmaceutical company, see Eli Lilly and Company.
| Eli Lilly | |
|---|---|
 Colonel Eli Lilly in 1885 |
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| Born | July 8, 1838(1838-07-08) Baltimore, Maryland |
| Died | June 6, 1898 (aged 59) Indianapolis , Indiana |
| Cause of death | Cancer |
| Resting place | Crown Hill Cemetery Indianapolis , Indiana |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Pharmacology |
| Alma mater | Asbury College |
| Occupation | Pharmaceutical Chemist Soldier Industrialist |
| Known for | Eli Lilly & co. Philanthropy |
| Home town | Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Title | Colonel |
| Political party | Republican |
| Religion | Methodist |
| Spouse | Emily Lemen (1860–1866) Maria Cynthia Sloan (1869–1898) |
| Children | Josiah K. Lilly, Sr. |
| Parents | Esther & Gustavus Lilly |
| Relatives | Eli Lilly (Grandson) Josiah K. Lilly, Jr. (Grandson) |
| Signature | |
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Eli Lilly (July 8, 1838 – June 6, 1898) was an American soldier, pharmaceutical chemist, industrialist, entrepreneur, and founder of the Eli Lilly and Company pharmaceutical corporation. Lilly enlisted in the Union Army during the American Civil War; he recruited a company of men to serve with him in an artillery battery, was later promoted to colonel, and was given command of a cavalry unit. He was captured near the end of the war and held as a prisoner of war until its conclusion. After the war, he attempted to run a plantation in Mississippi, but failed and returned to his pharmacy profession after the death of his wife. Lilly remarried and worked in several pharmacies with partners before opening his own business in 1876 with plans to manufacture drugs and market them wholesale to pharmacies.
His company was successful and he soon became wealthy after making numerous advances in medicinal drug manufacturing. Two of the early advances he pioneered were creating gelatin capsules to hold medicine and fruit flavoring for liquid medicines. Eli Lilly & Company was one of the first pharmaceutical firms of its kind; it staffed a dedicated research department and put in place numerous quality-assurance measures.
Using his wealth, Lilly engaged in numerous philanthropic pursuits. He turned over the management of the company to his son in 1890 allowing himself to continue his engagement in charity and civic advancement in his primary focus. He helped found the organization that became the Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce, was the primary patron of Indiana’s branch of the Charity Organization Society, and personally funded the creation of the city’s children’s hospital which was later expanded by the state to become the Riley Children’s Hospital. He continued his active involvement with many organizations until his death from cancer in 1898.
Lilly was an advocate of federal regulation of the pharmaceutical industry, and many of his suggested reforms were enacted into law in 1906, resulting in the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. He was also among the pioneers of the concept of prescriptions, and helped form what became the common practice of giving addictive or dangerous medicines only to people who had first seen a physician. The company he founded has since grown into one of the largest and most influential pharmaceutical corporations in the world, and the largest corporation in Indiana. Using the wealth generated by the company, his son and grandsons created the Lilly Endowment to continue Lilly’s legacy of philanthropy. The endowment remains one of the largest charitable benefactors in the world.
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AstraZeneca
AstraZeneca
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| Type | Public limited company (LSE: AZN, NASDAQ: AZN, OMX: AZN) |
|---|---|
| Industry | Pharmaceutical |
| Founded | 6 April 1999 by merger |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Key people | Louis Schweitzer, Chairman David R. Brennan, Chief Executive Officer[1] |
| Products | Pharmaceutical products for humans |
| Revenue | $32,804 million (2009)[2] |
| Operating income | $11,543 million (2009)[2] |
| Net income | $7,544 million (2009)[2] |
| Total assets | ▼ US$46.8 Billion (FY 2009)[3] |
| Total equity | ▲ US$15.9 Billion (FY 2009)[3] |
| Employees | 62,000 (2010)[4] |
| Website | astrazeneca.com |
AstraZeneca plc[5] (LSE: AZN, NYSE: AZN, OMX: AZN) is a global pharmaceutical and biologicscompany headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is the world’s seventh largest pharmaceutical company measured by revenues and has operations in over 100 countries.[6][7] It has a portfolio of products for major disease areas including cancer, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, infection, neuroscience, respiratoryinflammation.[4] and
Its primary listing is on the London Stock Exchange and it is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has secondary listings on the New York Stock Exchange and the OMX exchange.
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Seroquel
Quetiapine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Seroquel)
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 2-(2-(4-dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine- 11-yl- 1-piperazinyl)ethoxy)ethanol | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 111974-69-7 |
| ATC code | N05AH04 |
| PubChem | CID 5002 |
| IUPHAR ligand ID | 50 |
| DrugBank | DB01224 |
| ChemSpider | 4827 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C21H25N3O2S |
| Mol. mass | 383.5099 g/mol |
| SMILES | eMolecules & PubChem |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 9% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Half-life | 6 hours |
| Excretion | Renal |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. | C(US) |
| Legal status | ℞-only (US) |
| Routes | Oral |
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Quetiapine (pronounced /kwɨˈtaɪ.əpiːn/ kwi-TYE-ə-peen), marketed by AstraZeneca as Seroquel and by Orion Pharma as Ketipinor, both as a quetiapine fumarate salt of the drug, is an atypical antipsychoticschizophrenia, bipolar I mania, bipolar II depression, bipolar I depression, and used off-label for a variety of other purposes, including insomnia and anxiety disorders. used in the treatment of
Annual sales are approximately $4.7 billion worldwide, and $2.9 billion in the U.S.[1] The patent in the U.S., which was set to expire in 2011, received a pediatric exclusivity extension, which pushed its expiration to March 26, 2012.[2] The patent already expired in Canada. Several pharmaceutical companies are now making generic versions of quetiapine. Quepin is a generic version manufactured and marketed by Specifar ABEE, Athens, Greece.[3]
Controversy arose over AstraZeneca’s aggressive marketing of the Seroquel for off-label uses, including treatment of PTSD in veterans. Several American soldiers and veterans have died while taking Seroquel.[4]
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[edit] Uses
Quetiapine (Seroquel) 25 mg tablets, next to US one-cent coin for comparison.
Quetiapine is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia, depressive episodes associated with bipolar disorder, acute manic episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (as either monotherapy or adjunct therapy to lithium or valproate), and maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder (as adjunct therapy to lithium or divalproex). Quetiapine received its initial indication from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of schizophrenia in 1997.[5] In 2004, it received its second indication for the treatment of mania-associated bipolar disorder.[6] It is sometimes used off-label, often as an augmentation agent, to treat conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, restless legs syndrome, autism, alcoholism, depression,[7] Tourette syndrome,[8] and has been used by physicians as a sedative for those with sleep disorders or anxiety disorders.[9]
In 2005, the National Institute of Mental Health examined quetiapine and other antipsychotics to uncover the comparative efficacy of “second generation” anti-psychotics against older anti-psychotics (known as “first generation” or “typical anti-psychotics”). Such information could be important to the patients, as the newer drugs are far more expensive than their older counterparts. Published in the New England Journal of Medicine, the results of the CATIE (“clinical antipsychotic trials of interventional effectiveness”) trial were somewhat mixed. 74% of trial participants (of the 1,493 people who were in different treatment groups) discontinued before the trial ended. The majority of the participants discontinued treatment due to intolerable side effects or lack of efficacy. Olanzapine (Zyprexa) was considered the most effective in terms of the time it took patients to drop out of the study, although it was associated with greater weight gain and glucoseperphenazine.[10] The CATIE trial was supported by a grant (N01 MH90001) from the NIMH and by the Foundation of Hope of Raleigh, N.C. The individual pharmaceutical companies, whose drugs were used, donated all of the study medication. intolerability found in diabetes patients. The effects of all other treatments (such as Seroquel) were considered to be similar to the effects of the generic (and dramatically less expensive) drug,
A report in British Medical Journal in 2005 showed that quetiapine was ineffective in reducing agitation among Alzheimer’s patients, whose usage of the drug constituted 29% of sales. In fact, quetiapine was found to worsen cognitive functioning in elderly patients with dementia.[11]
Use of quetiapine to minimize the symptoms of opioid withdrawal has been studied.[12]
[edit] Investigations
In 2007 and 2008, studies were conducted on quetiapine’s efficacy in treating generalized anxiety disorder and major depression. In April 2009, the Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held a public meeting to discuss whether study results supported the FDA’s approval for anxiety and depression, with risks of metabolic side effects and of tardive dyskinesia and sudden cardiac death.[13]
In 2010 AstraZeneca was ordered to pay $520 million in a settlement with State and Federal authorities. According to the settlement AstraZeneca promoted the sale and use of Seroquel for uses not approved by the FDA, and paid illegal kickbacks to doctors. As a result of their promotional activity, physicians prescribed Seroquel for children, adolescents and dementia patients in long term care facilities.[14]
[edit] Pharmacology
- D1 (IC50 = 1268nM), D2 (IC50 = 329nM), D3, and D4 receptor antagonist
- 5-HT1A (IC50 = 717nM), 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT7 receptor antagonist
- α1-adrenergic (IC50 = 94nM) and α2-adrenergic receptor (IC50 = 271nM) antagonist
- H1 receptor (IC50 = 30nM) antagonist
- mACh receptor (IC50 = >5000nM) antagonist (There are contradictions on whether or not this blocks acetylcholine receptors.)
This means Quetiapine is dopamine, serotonin and adrenergic antagonist, anticholinergic substance and antihistamine. Quetiapine binds strongly to serotonin receptors. Serial PET scans evaluating the D2 receptor occupancy of quetiapine have demonstrated that quetiapine very rapidly disassociates from the D2[19] Theoretically, this allows for normal physiological surges of dopamine to elicit normal effects in areas such as the nigrostriatal and tuberoinfundibular pathways, thus minimizing the risk of side effects such as pseudo-parkinsonism as well as elevations in prolactin.[citation needed] receptor.
Distortion of Fact
Distortion of Fact
A representor may make a statement which prima facie is technically true; however this may tell only half the story. If a statement of fact is made but the representor fails to include information which would significantly alter the interpretation of this fact, then a misrepresentation may have occurred.
Pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| (R*,R*)-2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 90-82-4 |
| ATC code | R01BA02 |
| PubChem | CID 7028 |
| DrugBank | DB00852 |
| ChemSpider | 6761 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C10H15NO |
| Mol. mass | 165.23 |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ~100%[1] |
| Metabolism | hepatic (10–30%) |
| Half-life | 4.3-8 hours[1] |
| Excretion | 43-96% renal[1] |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. | B2(AU) C(US) |
| Legal status | Pharmacist Only (S3) (AU) P (UK) |
| Routes | oral |
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Pseudoephedrine (PSE) [pronunciation: /ˌsuːdəʊɪˈfɛdɹɪn/ or /ˌsuːdoˈɛfədriːn/] is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is used as a nasal/sinus decongestant and stimulant, or as a wakefulness-promoting agent.
The salts pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine sulfate are found in many over-the-counter preparations either as a single ingredient or, more commonly, in combination with antihistamines, guaifenesin, dextromethorphan, paracetamol (acetaminophen), and/or NSAIDs (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, etc.).
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[edit] Chemistry
Two pairs of enantiomers: Ephedrine (top) and Pseudoephedrine (bottom)
Pseudoephedrine is a diastereomer of ephedrine. Pseudoephedrine is a chiral molecule, meaning it occurs in both “left-handed” and “right-handed” configurations which are not superimposable.
Pseudoephedrine is a precursor of methamphetamine and methcathinone.
[edit] Nomenclature
The dextrorotary (+)- or d- enantiomer is (1S,2S)-Pseudoephedrine, whereas the levorotating (−)- or l- form is (1R,2R)-Pseudoephedrine.
In the outdated d/l system (+)-Pseudoephedrine is also referred to as l-Pseudoephedrine and (—)-Pseudoephedrine as d-Pseudoephedrine (in the Fisher projection then the phenylring is drawn at bottom). [2] [3]
Often the d/l system (with small caps) and the d/l system (with lower-case) are confused. The result is that the dextrorotary d-Pseudoephedrine is wrongly named d-Pseudoephedrine and the levorotary l-Ephedrine (the diastereomer) wrongly l-Ephedrine.
The IUPAC names of the two enantiomers are (1S,2S)- respectively (1R,2R)-2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol. Synonyms for both are psi-Ephedrine and threo-Ephedrine.
Pseudoephedrine is the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) of the (+)-form, when used as pharmaceutical substance. [4]
[edit] Synthesis
Although pseudoephedrine occurs naturally as an alkaloid in certain plant species (for example, as a constituent of extracts from the ephedra species, also known as Ma Huang, in which it occurs together with other isomers of ephedrine), the majority of pseudoephedrine produced for commercial use is derived from yeast fermentation of dextrose in the presence of benzaldehyde. In this process, specialized strains of yeast (typically a variety of Candida utilis or Saccharomyces cerevisiae) are added to large vats containing water, dextrose and the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase (such as found in beets and other plants). After the yeast has begun fermenting the dextrose, the benzaldehyde is added to the vats, and in this environment the yeast convert the ingredients to the precursor l-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC). L-PAC is then chemically converted to pseudoephedrine via reductive amination.[5]
The bulk of pseudoephedrine is produced by commercial pharmaceutical manufacturers in India and China, where economic and industrial conditions favor the mass production of pseudoephedrine for export.[6]
[edit] Mechanism of action
Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic amine. Its principal mechanism of action relies on its indirect action on the adrenergic receptor system. The vasoconstriction that pseudoephedrine produces is believed to be principally an α-adrenergic receptor response. [7]
While it may have weak or no direct agonist activity at α- and β-adrenergic receptors, the principal mechanism is to cause the release of endogenous norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from storage vesicles in presynaptic neurons. The displaced noradrenaline is released into the neuronal synapse where it is free to activate the postsynaptic adrenergic receptors. These adrenergic receptors are located on the muscles lining the walls of blood vessels. When activated by pseudoephedrine, the muscles contract, causing the blood vessels to constrict (vasoconstriction). The constricted blood vessels now allow less fluid to leave the blood vessels and enter the nose, throat and sinus linings, which results in decreased inflammation of nasal membranes as well as decreased mucus production. Thus, by constriction of blood vessels, mainly those located in the nasal passages, pseudoephedrine causes a decrease in the symptoms of nasal congestion.
False imprisonment
False imprisonment
False imprisonment is a restraint of a person in a bounded area without justification or consent. False imprisonment is a common-law felony and a tort. It applies to private as well as governmental detention.[1] When it comes to public police, the proving of false imprisonment is sufficient to obtain a writ of habeas corpus.
Powers and Principalities 