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Claus Schilling

Claus Schilling

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Claus Schilling sitting before a tribunal in November 1945.

Claus Karl Schilling (5 July 1871, Munich – 28 May 1946, Landsberg am Lech), also recorded as Klaus Schilling, was a German tropical medicine specialist, particularly remembered for his infamous participation in the Nazi human experiments at the Dachau concentration camp during World War II.
Though never a member of the Nazi Party and a recognized researcher before the war, Schilling became notorious as a consequence of his enthusiastic participation in human research under both Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. From 1942 to 1945, Schilling’s research of malaria and attempts at fighting it using synthetic drugs resulted in over a thousand cases of human experimentation on camp prisoners.
Sentenced to death by hanging after the fall of Hitler’s Germany, he was executed for his crimes against the Dachau prisoners in 1946.

Contents [show]

[edit] Biography

Born in Munich on July 5, 1871, Schilling studied medicine in his native city, receiving a doctor’s degree there in 1895. Within a few years, Schilling was practicing in the German colonial possessions in Africa. Recognized for his contributions in the field of tropical medicine, he was appointed the first-ever director fo the tropical medicine division of the Robert Koch Institute in 1905, where he would remain for the subsequent three decades.

[edit] Italian research

Upon retirement from the Robert Koch Institute in 1936, Schilling moved to Benito Mussolini‘s Fascist Italy, where he was given the opportunity to conduct immunization experiments on inmates of the psychiatric asylums of Volterra and San Niccolò di Siena.^[1] (The Italian authorities were concerned that troops faced malarial outbreaks in the course of the Italo-Ethiopian War.) As Schilling stressed the significance of the research for German interests, the Nazi government of Germany also supported him with a financial grant for his Italian experimentation.^[1]

[edit] Dachau experiments

Schilling returned to Germany after a meeting with Leonardo Conti, the Nazis’ Health Chief, in 1941, and by early 1942 he was provided with a special malaria research station at Dachau‘s concentration camp by Heinrich Himmler, the leader of the SS. Despite negative assessments from colleagues, Schilling would remain in charge of the malaria station for the duration of the war.^[1]
Although in the 1930s Schilling had stressed the point that malaria research on human subjects could be performed in an entirely harmless fashion, the Dachau subjects included experimentees who were injected with synthetic drugs at doses ranging from high to lethal. Of the more than 1,000 prisoners used in the malaria experiments at Dachau during the war, between 300 and 400 died as a result; among survivors, a substantial number remained permanently damaged afterward.^[1]
In the course of the Dachau Trials following the liberation of the camp at the close of the war, Schilli

ng was tried by an American tribunal, with an October 1945 affidavit from Schilling being presented in the proceedings.^[2]
The tribunal sentenced Schilling to death by hanging on December 13, 1945. His execution took place at Landsberg Prison in Landsberg am Lech on May 28, 1946.

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Hulverscheidt, Marion. “German Malariology Experiments with Humans, Supported by the DFG Until 1945”. Man, Medicine, and the State: The Human Body as an Object of Government Sponsored Medical Research in the 20th Century, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft Volume 2. Ed. Wolfgang Uwe Eckhart. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2006. ISBN 351508794X, ISBN 9783515087940. Pp. 221-236.
2. ^ Spitz, Vivien. Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans. Boulder, Colorado: Sentient Publications, 2005. ISBN 1591810329, ISBN 9781591810322. P. 105.

Categories: 1871 births | 1946 deaths | Dachau concentration camp personnel | Dachau Trials executions | German physicians | German scientists | Nazi human experimentation | People from Munich

Clark (cleric)(Definition)

Clark

Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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Contents [show] 1 English 1.1 Pronunciation 1.2 Proper noun 1.2.1 See also

[edit] English

[edit] Pronunciation

• IPA: /klɑː(r)k/
• Rhymes: -ɑː(r)k
• Homophone: clerk (in some dialects)

[edit] Proper noun

Clark

1. An English occupational surname, variant of Clarke, for someone who was either a scribe or priest / cleric
2. A male given name transferred from the surname.

[edit] See also

• clerk

Retrieved from “http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Clark“

Categories: English proper nouns | English surnames from Middle English | English male given names from surnames

Court-martial

Court-martial

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“Court Martial” redirects here. For other uses, see Court Martial (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2007)

The field court-martial of the Finnish 15th Brigade in July 1944.

A court-martial (plural courts-martial, as “martial” is postpositive) is a military court. A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of members of the armed forces subject to military law, and, if the defendant is found guilty, to decide upon punishment.
Most militaries maintain a court-martial system to try cases in which a breach of military discipline may have occurred. Some countries, however, have no court-martial in time of peace; this is the case in France and Germany, for example, where ordinary, civilian courts are used instead.^[1]
In addition, courts-martial may be used to try prisoners of war for war crimes. The Geneva Convention requires that POWs who are on trial for war crimes be subject to the same procedures as would be the holding army‘s own soldiers.
Most navies have a standard court-martial which convenes whenever a ship is lost; this does not necessarily mean that the captain is suspected of wrongdoing, but merely that the circumstances surrounding the loss of the ship would be made part of the official record. Many ship captains will actually insist on a court-martial in such circumstances.

Contents [show] 1 Composition 2 Jurisdiction 3 By country 3.1 Canada 3.2 India 3.3 United Kingdom 3.4 United States 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links

[edit] Composition

Usually, a court-martial takes the form of a trial with a presiding judge, a prosecutor and defensive counsel (all trained lawyers as well as officers) and (in some cases) a panel of officers (and sometimes enlisted personnel) acting as jury. The precise format varies from one country to another and may also depend on the severity of the accusation. E.g. The US military makes the distinction between a general court-martial, which requires a panel of at least five members for severe crimes,

a special court-martial (at least three panel members) for lighter offenses and a summary court-martial with only one panel member and no judge for minor infractions^[2].

This section requires expansion.

[edit] Jurisdiction

Courts martial have the authority to try a wide range of military offences, many of which closely resemble civilian crimes like fraud, theft or perjury. Others, like cowardice, desertion, and insubordination, are purely military crimes. Punishments for military offences range from fines and imprisonment to execution (in nations that retain the death penalty). Military offences are defined in the Army Act, Royal Air Force Act and Royal Navy Act for members of the British Military. Regulations for the Canadian Forces are found in the Queen’s Regulations and Orders. For members of the United States armed forces offenses are covered under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). These offences, their corresponding punishments and instructions on how to conduct a court-martial, are explained in detail based on each country and/or service.

[edit] By country

[edit] Canada

In Canada, there is a two-tier military trial system. Summary trials are presided over by superior officers, while more significant matters are heard by courts martial, which are presided over by independent military judges serving under the independent Office of the Chief Military Judge. Appeals are heard by the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada. Capital punishment in Canada was abolished generally in 1976, and for military offences in 1998. Harold Pringle was the last Canadian soldier executed, in 1945, for a military offence.^[3]

[edit] India

There are four kinds of court-martial in India. These are the General Court Martial (GCM), District Court Martial (DCM), Summary General Court Martial (SGCM) and Summary Court Martial (SCM). According to the Army Act, army courts can try personnel for all kinds of offences except for murder and rape of a civilian, which are primarily tried by a civilian court of law.

[edit] United Kingdom

The Court Martial is one of the Military Courts of the United Kingdom. The Armed Forces Act 2006 establishes the Court Martial as a permanent standing court. Previously courts-martial were convened on an ad hoc basis. The Court Martial may try any offence against service law.^[4] The Court is made up of a Judge Advocate, and between three and seven (depending on the seriousness of the offence) officers and warrant officers.^[5] Rulings on matters of law are made by the Judge Advocate alone, whilst decisions on the facts are made by a majority of the members of the court, not including the Judge Advocate, and decisions on sentence by a majority of the court, this time including the Judge Advocate.^[6]

[edit] United States

Most commonly, courts-martial in the United States are convened to try members of the U.S. military for violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (or UCMJ), which is the U.S. military’s criminal code. However, they can also be convened for other purposes, including military tribunals and the enforcement of martial law in an occupied territory. Courts-martial are governed by the rules of procedure and evidence laid out in the Manual for Courts-Martial, which contains the Rules for Courts-Martial, Military Rules of Evidence, and other guidance.

[edit] See also

• Drumhead court-martial
• Military Trial Films

[edit] References

1. ^ Note about the military justice, French Senat
2. ^ http://www.military.com/benefits/legal-matters/courts-martial
3. ^ Clark, Andrew (2008-07-14). “A KEEN SOLDIER: THE EXECUTION OF SECOND WORLD WAR PRIVATE HAROLD PRINGLE”. National Defence and the Canadian Forces. http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo4/no2/book-livre-04-eng.asp. Retrieved 2010-08-08. 
4. ^ Section 50
5. ^ Sections 154 to 157
6. ^ Sections 159 to 160

[edit] Further reading

• Macomb, Alexander, Major General of the United States Army, The Practice of Courts Martial, (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1841) 154 pages.
• Macomb, Alexander, A Treatise on Martial Law, and Courts-Martial as Practiced in the United States. (Charleston: J. Hoff, 1809), republished (New York: Lawbook Exchange, June 2007), ISBN 1584777095, ISBN 978-1584777090, 340 pages.

[edit] External links

• Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM), United States (2008 Edition) PDF document
• 2002 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial (MCM), United States
• Congressional Research Service Report for Congress 2004
• Office of the Chief Military Judge
• New Zealand Court Martial Act

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial“

Categories: Military law

Camp David

Camp David

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Coordinates: 39°38′54″N 77°27′54″W / 39.64833°N 77.465°W / 39.64833; -77.465

Camp David (Naval Support Facility Thurmont) Catoctin Mountain Park Frederick County , Maryland   United States Main Lodge at Camp David during the Nixon administration, February 9, 1971 Type Military base Built 1935 (1935) Built by Works Progress Administration Current owner U.S. Government Open to the public No Controlled by U.S. Navy Occupants President of the United States Events Camp David Accords 2000 Camp David Summit

Camp David location of Camp David

Camp David is the country retreat of the President of the United States and his guests. It is located in low wooded hills about 100 kilometers or 60 miles NNW of Washington, D.C. in Thurmont, Frederick County, Maryland. It is officially known as Naval Support Facility Thurmont and technically a military installation; staffing is primarily provided by the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps.

First known as Hi-Catoctin, Camp David was originally built as a camp for federal government agents and their families, by the WPA, starting in 1935, opening in 1938.^[1]Franklin D. Roosevelt and renamed Shangri-La. Camp David received its present name from Dwight D. Eisenhower, in honor of his grandson, David.^[2] In 1942 it was converted to a presidential retreat by

Contents [show] 1 Presidential use 2 Navy operations 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links

[edit] Presidential use

Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian president Anwar Sadat with U.S. president Jimmy Carter at Camp David in 1978

Every president since Franklin Roosevelt has made use of Camp David. Roosevelt hosted Sir Winston Churchill in May 1943.^[3]Harry S. Truman rarely visited Camp David, because his wife Bess found it “dull”. Dwight EisenhowerJohn F. Kennedy and his family often enjoyed horseback riding and other recreational activities. Kennedy often allowed White House staff and cabinet members to use the retreat when he or his family was not there. Lyndon B. Johnson often met with important advisors at the retreat and hosted Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt. Richard Nixon was a frequent visitor and did much to add and modernize the facilities.  Gerald Ford often rode his snowmobile around Camp David and hosted Indonesian President Suharto.^[4]Jimmy Carter brokered the Camp David Accords there in September 1978 between Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.^[3]Ronald Reagan visited the retreat more than any other president. Dorothy Bush Koch, the daughter of George H.W. Bush was the first person ever to be married there, in 1992. Bill Clinton used Camp David more as his tenure in office progressed, and hosted then British Prime Minister Ton

y Blair on several occasions in addition to numerous celebrities. George W. Bush hosted dignitaries, including then British Prime Minister Gordon Brown in 2007.^[4]Barack Obama made the camp’s Evergreen Chapel his primary place of worship, as George W. Bush had done before him.^[5]

[edit] Navy operations

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010)

Camp David is a U.S. Navy installation, commanded by a Naval Commander. Sailors are mostly Seabees and most officers are in the civil engineering field. The Navy Seabee Detachment performs maintenance and beautification. The sailors must undergo a “Yankee White” level background check, which involves passing the most rigorous background check conducted by the Department of Defense (DOD). The sailors are hand-picked for their service at Camp David, and are among the best of the U.S. Navy. Some of the sailors include: grounds and maintenance personnel, electricians, carpenters, corpsmen, and the President’s cooks.

The Camp is alleged to be one of the most secure facilities in the world, as reported by a Department of Defense journal in 1998. The facility is guarded by one of the United States Marine Corps’ most elite units, Marine Security Company, Camp David (MSC-CD). Each Marine is hand-picked from the infantry field and sent through a battery of psychological and physical tests. Selected Marines must then undergo specialized security training at the Marine Corps Security Forces School in Chesapeake, Virginia. The candidates then report to the Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., where they provide protection for the barracks, the Commandant of the Marine Corps and the Chief of Naval Operations. Assuming a Marine successfully completes his “pre-assignment” in Washington, they still must undergo the “Yankee White” background check. Only then is the candidate eligible for assignment to Camp David. After twelve months of service at Camp David, a Marine is awarded the Presidential Service Badge. Tours of duty at Camp David typically last for 18 months.

[edit] Gallery

George H. W. Bush meets with his National Security advisors in the Laurel Lodge conference room on August 4, 1990.	George W. Bush meets with his advisors at Camp David on January 17, 2004, while preparing for his State of the Union address.	From Camp David, Vice President Dick Cheney and members of the Interagency Team on Iraq participate in a video teleconference with President George W. Bush in Baghdad, Iraq.	President George W. BushJosh Bolten walk together with the President’s dog Barney and Chief of Staff at Camp David, July 21, 2007.	Shinzo Abe and George W. Bush at Camp David in 2007.
Richard and Pat Nixon walking their dogs in Camp David.	Menachem Begin, Jimmy Carter, and Anwar Sadat at Camp David, September 7, 1978.	Menachem Begin poses at Camp David, 1978.	Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter, and Menachem Begin meet on the Aspen Lodge patio of Camp David on September 6, 1978]]	President of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, and Jimmy Carter meet at the beginning of the Camp David Summit in 1978.
British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and President Ronald Reagan walk at Camp David in 1986.	John F. Kennedy, John F. Kennedy, Jr., and Caroline Kennedy (riding ‘Tex’)	David Eisenhower (age 12), grandson of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, poses with sign at presidential retreat named in his honor, 1960	Main Lodge during Eisenhower administration, 1959	President Dwight D. Eisenhower meets with his Cabinet at Laurel Lodge, 1955

[edit] See also

Category:Deaths from prostate cancer

Category:Deaths from prostate cancer

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People who died as a result of prostate cancer.

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Pages in category “Deaths from prostate cancer”

The following 87 pages are in this category, out of 287 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

P Walker Percy Frank Perry John W. Peterson David Chilton Phillips J. J. Pickle Harold Pierce Florian Pittiş Leon B. Poullada Richard M. Powell Julio Martínez (journalist) Richard Pratt (Australian businessman) Dave Pureifory Q Pat Quinn (copywriter) R Johnny Ramone Thurl Ravenscroft David Richardson (American) Paul Richardson Bobby Riggs Bernard Rimland Andy Ripley Michael Ritchie (film director) Stephen Rivers Raul Roco Andrew Roth Rolf Rüssmann S Fred Saberhagen Mark Sacks Robert Sandall Dick Sargent

S cont. William Saroyan Michael Schildberger John G. Schmitz Scotty (musician) Harry Secombe Victor Serebriakoff Bill Shadel Mitchell Sharp Francis Alexander Shields William Shockley Bob Simpson (Canadian football) Umrao Singh Michael Small Michael S. Smith Murray Robert Smith Waldick Soriano Ronnie Sox Frank Springer Peter John Stephens Billy Sullivan (American football) Andrew E. Svenson Robert Symonds T Feliciano Vierra Tavares Richard Tee Naftali Temu Tom Terrell (journalist) Eddie Thompson Bobby Thomson (footballer born 1943) Charlie Timmins

T cont. Bud Tingwell Paul Touvier Domenic Troiano Robert Truax Pierre Trudeau V Hoyt Vandenberg Richard Vander Veen Néstor de Villa W Thomas Wainwright Daniel E. Walker William B. Walsh Sam Wanamaker David Watkin (cinematographer) Delmar Watson Carl Eugene Watts Wee Kim Wee Peter Wells (guitarist) Eli Whitney, Jr. Ted Whitten Clyde Wiegand Alec N. Wildenstein Kyffin Williams Walter Winchell Ludwig Wittgenstein Earl Woods Y Yahweh ben Yahweh Robert Vaughn Young Z Frank Zappa William Bernard Ziff, Jr.

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Carl Reiner

Carl Reiner

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Carl Reiner
Reiner in April 2010
Born	March 20, 1922 (1922-03-20) (age 88) Bronx, New York, U.S.
Occupation	Actor, comedian, director, producer, writer
Years active	1948–present
Spouse	Estelle Reiner (1943-2008; deceased)

Carl Reiner (born March 20, 1922)^[1] is an American actor, film director, producer, writer and comedian. He has won nine Emmy Awards and one Grammy Award during this career. He has the distinction of being the only person to appear on all five incarnations of The Tonight Show. He is well known for his work in the remake of Ocean’s Eleven, and its two sequels, Ocean’s Twelve and Ocean’s Thirteen.

Contents [show] 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Bibliography 4.1 Books by Carl Reiner 4.2 Screenplays 4.3 Films 4.4 Plays 4.5 Television 4.6 Other 5 Awards 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links

[edit] Early life

Reiner was born in the Bronx, New York, the son of Bessie from Hungary (née Mathias) and Romanian-born Irving Reiner, who was a watchmaker.^[2][3] His parents were Jewish. They immigrated to the United States in the 19th century.^[4] When he was sixteen, his older brother Charlie read in the New York Daily News about a free dramatic workshop being put on by the Works Progress Administration and told him about it. He had been working as a machinist fixing sewing machines. He credits Charlie with changing his career plans.^[5] Reiner was educated at the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University and served in the United States Army Special Services during World War II.

[edit] Career

Reiner at the Emmy Awards in September 1989

Reiner performed in several Broadway musicals, including Inside U.S.A., and Alive and Kicking, and had the lead role in Call Me Mister. In 1950, he was cast by producer Max Leibman in Sid Caesar‘s Your Show of Shows, appearing on air in skits while also working alongside writers such as Mel Brooks and Neil Simon. He also worked on Caesar’s Hour with Brooks, Simon, Larry Gelbart, Mel Tolkin, Mike Stewart, Aaron Ruben, Sheldon Keller and Gary Belkin.
In 1959, Reiner developed a television pilot, Head of the Family, based on his experience on the Caesar shows. However, the network didn’t like Reiner in the lead role. In 1961, the recast and retitled show, The Dick Van Dyke Show, became a hit. In addition to usually writing the show, Reiner occasionally appeared as temperamental show host “Alan Brady,” who ruthlessly browbeats his brother-in-law (played by Richard Deacon). The show ran from 1961 to 1966. In 1966, he co-starred in the Norman Jewison film The Russians Are Coming, The Russians Are Coming.
Reiner began his directing career on the Van Dyke show. After that show ended its run, Reiner’s first film feature was an adaptation of Joseph Stein‘s play Enter Laughing (1967), which in turn was based on Reiner’s semi-autobiographical 1958 novel of the same name. Balancing writing, directing, producing, and acting, Reiner has worked on a wide range of films and television programs. Probably the best-known films of his early directing career were the cult comedy Where’s Poppa? (1970), starring George Segal and Ruth Gordon, Oh, God! (1977) with George Burns and “The Jerk” (1979) with Steve Martin
Reiner played a large role in the early career of Steve Martin, by directing and co-writing four films for the comedian: The Jerk in 1979, Dead Men Don’t Wear Plaid in 1982, The Man with Two Brains in 1983, and All of Me in 1984. Reiner also appeared in The Jerk.
In 1989, he directed Bert Rigby, You’re a Fool. Since 1960, Reiner has spent many an occasion on stage, in recordings and occasional television appearances playing the straight man to Mel Brooks‘ “2000 Year Old Man” character. In 2000, Reiner was honored with the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. A year later, he played thief and con man Saul Bloom in Steven Soderbergh‘s Ocean’s Eleven and has reprised that role in its sequels, Ocean’s Twelve and Ocean’s Thirteen. In 2004 he voiced the lion Sarmoti in the animated TV series Father of the Pride.
Reiner has also written a number of books, including memoirs like 2004’s My Anecdotal Life: A Memoir, and novels like 2006’s NNNNN: A Novel. In American Film, Reiner expressed his philosophy on writing comedy thus:

You have to imagine yourself as not somebody very special but somebody very ordinary. If you imagine yourself as somebody really normal and if it makes you laugh, it’s going to make everybody laugh. If you think of yourself as something very special, you’ll end up a pedant and a bore. If you start thinking about what’s
funny, you won’t be funny, actually. It’s like walking. How do you walk? If you start thinking about it, you’ll trip.

Recently, Reiner guest starred as a clinic patient on the season finale of the hit FOX series House on May 11, 2009. He also lent his voice to the character of Santa Claus in the NBC Christmas special Merry Madagascar in November 2009. In December 2009, he guest-starred as legendary TV producer Marty Peppers on the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men. On June 30, 2010 he guest starred in TV Land’s new series “Hot in Cleveland” as Elka Ostrovsky’s date; a role that he reprised on the July 28, 2010 episode.

[edit] Personal life

On December 24, 1943, Reiner married singer Estelle Lebost. The two were married 64 years until her death in 2008. At the time of the marriage he was 21 and she was 29. Estelle is probably best remembered for her one line — “I’ll have what she’s having” — in the deli scene in their son Rob‘s 1989 hit, When Harry Met Sally.^[1] She died on October 25, 2008, at age 94.^[6]
Reiner is the father of actor-turned-director, Rob Reiner, (b. 1947), poet, playwright and author Sylvia Anne (Annie) Reiner (b. 1957) and painter,^[7] actor, director Lucas Reiner (b. 1960).^[1][8]
Reiner, who was raised Jewish and remains proud of his Jewish cultural heritage, has described himself as a Jewish atheist.^[2] He says that “man invented God, not the other way around.”
He now lives In Beverly Hills.

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] Books by Carl Reiner

• The 2000 Year Old Man Goes To School, Mel Brooks & Carl Reiner, 2005 ISBN 0-060-76676-X
• The 2,000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000:The Book, Cliff Street (New York City), 1997 ISBN 0-060-92992-8
• All Kinds of Love (novel), Carol Publishing (Secaucus, NJ), 1993 ISBN 1-559-72163-4
• Continue Laughing (novel), Carol Publishing, 1995 ISBN 0-517-16744-1
• Enter Laughing (semi-autobiographical novel), Simon & Schuster, (1958).
• How Paul Robeson Saved My Life (and Other Mostly Happy Stories), Cliff Street, (1999)ISBN 0-060-93251-1
• My Anecdotal Life: A Memoir, St. Martin’s Press (2003) ISBN 0-312-31104-4
• NNNNN: A novel, Simon & Schuster (2006) ISBN 0-743-28669-3
• Tell Me a Scary Story but Not Too Scary, Carl Reiner and James Bennett, Little & Brown (2003) ISBN 0-316-00260-7

[edit] Screenplays

• The Thrill of It All, Universal, (1963).
• The Art of Love, Universal, (1965).
• Enter Laughing (adaptation of Reiner’s novel), Columbia, (1967) (With Joseph Stein).
• The Comic, Columbia, (1968)(With Aaron Ruben).
• Dead Men Don’t Wear Plaid, Universal, (1982) (With Steve Martin and George Gipe).
• The Man with Two Brains, Warner Bros., (1983) (With Steve Martin and George Gipe).

[edit] Films

• Ocean’s Eleven, Warner Bros., (2001) (with George Clooney, et al.) (Saul)
• Ocean’s Twelve, Warner Bros., (2004) (with George Clooney, et al.) (Saul)
• Ocean’s Thirteen, Warner Bros., (2007) (with George Clooney, et al.) (Saul)

[edit] Plays

• Something Different, Samuel French, 1967. (produced on Broadway, 1967)

[edit] Television

• Your Show of Shows (series), NBC-TV, 1950-54.
• Sid Caesar Invites You (series), ABC-TV, 1958.
• The Dick Van Dyke Show (series), CBS-TV, 1961-66.
• The Sid Caesar, Imogene Coca, Carl Reiner, Howard Morris Special, CBS-TV, 1967.
• Mad About You (series) (guest appearance as Alan Brady)-Episode titled “The Alan Brady Show,” NBC-TV, 1995
• House M.D (guest cameo) (series), FOX, 2008.
• Comedy Central Roast of Joan Rivers, Roaster. (2009)
• Two and a Half Men (guest cameo – Season 7 episode 11) (series), CBS-TV, 2009
• Merry Madagascar (voice of Santa Claus), NBC, 2009
• The Bernie Mac Show
• Hot in Cleveland (guest star), TV Land, 2010

[edit] Other

• Carl Reiner: An American Film Institute Seminar on His Work, Microfilming Corporation of America, (1977)*
• Faerie Tale Theatre Pinocchio (1984) – Geppetto
• World War Z – Max Brooks (2007)

[edit] Awards

Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6421 Hollywood Blvd.

• Emmy Award, 1957, Best supporting actor in a comedy series (Caesar’s Hour)
• Emmy Award, 1958, Best supporting actor in a comedy series (Sid Caesar Invites You)
• Outstanding writing achievement in comedy, 1962, 1963, and 1964 (The Dick Van Dyke Show)
• Outstanding program achievement in entertainment, 1965 (The Dick Van Dyke Show)
• Outstanding writing achievement in a variety, 1967 (The Sid Caesar, Imogene Coca, Carl Reiner, Howard Morris Special)
• Grammy Award nomination, 1960, (2000 Years with Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks)
• Grammy Award (The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000)
• Elected to Emmy Award Hall of Fame
• Grammy nomination for best spoken word album, 2001 (Letters from the Earth: Uncensored Writings from Mark Twain)

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c} St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, St. James Press, (2000)
2. ^ ^{a b} Tom, Tugend (June 15, 2008). “Reiners honored by Israeli film fest”. The Jewish Telegraphic Agency. http://www.jta.org/news/article/2008/06/15/108983/carlrobreiner06152008. Retrieved 2009-07-21. 
3. ^ Carl Reiner Biography (1922-)
4. ^ Like father, like son – The Jerusalem Post – HighBeam Research
5. ^ SUSAN KING, Los Angeles Times, Feb 27, (2001) pg. F.5
6. ^ Estelle Reiner dies at 94
7. ^ ART REVIEWS; David Pagel, Los Angeles Times, Oct 12, (1995) pg. 4
8. ^ Lucas Reiner at the Internet Movie Database

[edit] Further reading

• Contemporary Authors Online,

  Gale, (2007).

[edit] External links

Biography portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carl Reiner

• Carl Reiner at the Internet Movie Database
• Carl Reiner at the Internet Broadway Database
• Carl Reiner at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
• See Carl Reiner’s interview for the Archive of American Television
• “Remembering the Dick Van Dyke Show” (Carl Reiner)
• Profile of Carl Rainer at Jewish Times

Causal theory of reference

Causal theory of reference

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A causal theory of reference is any of a family of views about how terms acquire specific referents. Such theories have been used to describe reference as regards all sorts of referring terms, particularly logical terms, proper names, and natural kind terms. In the case of names, for example, a causal theory of reference will typically involve the following claims:

• a name’s referent is fixed by an original act of naming (also called a “dubbing” or, by Saul Kripke, an “initial baptism”), whereupon the name becomes a rigid designator of that object.
• later uses of the name succeed in referring to the referent by being linked to that original act via a causal chain.

Weaker versions of the position (perhaps not properly called “causal theories”), claim merely that, in many cases, events in the causal history of a speaker’s use of the term, including how s/he acquired it, must be taken into account to correctly assign references to his/her words.
Causal theories of names became popular during and after the 1970s, under the influence of work by Saul Kripke and Keith Donnellan. Kripke and Hilary Putnam also defended an analogous causal account of natural kind terms, and work on causal theories has involved other areas of language as well.

Contents [show] 1 Kripke’s causal account of names 2 Motivation 3 Criticisms of the theory 4 References

[edit] Kripke’s causal account of names

In the lectures that were later published as Naming and Necessity, Kripke provided a rough outline of what a causal theory of reference for names would look like. Although he refused to explicitly endorse such a theory, he indicated that such an approach was far more promising than the then popular descriptive theory of names introduced by Russell, according to which names are in fact disguised definite descriptions. Kripke argued that in order to use a name successfully to refer to something , you do not have to be acquainted with a uniquely identifying description of that thing. Rather, your use of the name need only be caused (in an appropriate way) by the naming of that thing.
Such a causal process might proceed as follows: the parents of a newborn baby name it, pointing to the child and saying “we’ll call her ‘Jane’.” Henceforth everyone calls the little girl ‘Jane’. With that initial act, the parents give the girl her name. The assembled family and friends now know that ‘Jane’ is a name which refers to Jane. This is referred to as Jane’s dubbing, naming, or initial baptism.
However, not everyone who knows Jane and uses the name ‘Jane’ to refer to her was present at this naming. So how is it that when they use the name ‘Jane’, they are referring to Jane? The answer provided by causal theories is that there is a causal chain that passes from the original observers of Jane’s naming to everyone else who uses her name. For example, maybe Jill was not at the naming, but Jill learns about Jane, and learns that her name is ‘Jane’, from Jane’s mother, who was there. She then uses the name ‘Jane’ with the intention of referring to the child Jane’s mother referred to. Jill can now use the name, and her use of it can in turn transmit the ability to refer to Jane to other speakers.
Philosophers such as Gareth Evans have insisted that the th

eory’s account of the dubbing process needs to be broadened to include what are called ‘multiple groundings’. After her initial baptism, uses of ‘Jane’ in the presence of Jane may, under the right circumstances, be considered to further ground the name (‘Jane’) in its referent (Jane). That is, if I am in direct contact with Jane, the reference for my utterance of the name ‘Jane’ may be fixed not simply by a causal chain through people who had encountered her earlier (when she was first named); it may also be indexically fixed to Jane at the moment of my utterance. Thus our modern day use of a name such as ‘Christopher Columbus’ can be thought of as referring to Columbus through a causal chain that terminates not simply in one instance of his naming, but rather in a series of grounding uses of the name that occurred throughout his life. Under certain circumstances of confusion, this can lead to the alteration of a name’s referent (for one example of how this might happen, see Twin Earth thought experiment).

[edit] Motivation

Causal theories of reference were born partially in response to the widespread acceptance of Russellian descriptive theories. Russell found that certain logical contradictions could be avoided if names were considered disguised definite descriptions (a very similar view is often attributed to Frege, mostly on the strength of a footnoted comment in ‘On Sense and Reference’, although many Frege scholars consider this attribution misguided). On such an account, the name ‘Aristotle’ might be seen as meaning ‘the student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great’. Later description theorists expanded upon this by suggesting that a name expressed not one particular description, but a great number of them (perhaps constituting all of ones essential knowledge of the individual named), or a weighted average of these descriptions.
Kripke found this account to be deeply flawed, for a number of reasons. Notably:

• We can refer successfully to individuals about whom we know no uniquely identifying description. (For example, a speaker can talk about Phillie Sophik even if one only knows him as ‘some poet’.)

• We can refer successfully to individuals about whom the only identifying descriptions we are acquainted with fail to refer as we believe them to. (Many speakers have no identifying beliefs about Christopher Columbus other than ‘the first European in North America’ or ‘the first person to believe that the earth was round’. Both of these beliefs are incorrect. Nevertheless, when such a person says ‘Christopher Columbus’, we acknowledge that they are referring to Christopher Columbus, not to whatever individual satisfies one of those descriptions.)

• We use names to speak hypothetically about what could have happened to a person. A name functions as a rigid designator, while a definite description does not. (One could say ‘If Aristotle had died young, he would never have taught Alexander the Great.’ But if ‘the teacher of Alexander the Great’ were a component of the meaning of ‘Aristotle’ then this would be nonsense.)

A causal theory avoids these difficulties. A name refers rigidly to the bearer to which it is causally connected, regardless of any particular facts about the bearer, and in all possible worlds.
The same motivations apply to causal theories in regard to other sorts of terms as well. Putnam, for instance, attempted to establish that ‘water’ refers rigidly to the stuff that we do in fact call ‘water’, to the exclusion of any possible identical water-like substance with which we have no causal connection. These considerations represent some of the motivations for semantic externalism. Because speakers interact with a natural kind such as water regularly, and because there is generally no naming ceremony through which their names are formalized, the multiple groundings described above are even more essential to a causal account of natural kind terms. A speaker whose environment changes may thus have the referents of his terms shift, as described in the Twin Earth and Swamp man thought experiments.

[edit] Criticisms of the theory

• Gareth Evans has argued that the causal theory, or at least certain common and over-simple variants of it, have the consequence that, however remote or obscure the causal connection between someone’s use of a proper name and the object it originally referred to, they still refer to that object when they use the name. (Imagine a name briefly overheard in a train or café.) The theory effectively ignores context and makes reference into some magic trick. Evans describes it as a “photograph” theory of reference.

• The links between different users of the name are particularly obscure. Each user must somehow pass the name on to the next, and must somehow “mean” the right individual as they do so (suppose “Socrates” is the name of a pet aardvark). Kripke himself notes the difficulty, John Searle makes much of it.

• Mark Sainsbury has recently argued (Departing from Frege, Essay XII) for a causal theory similar to Kripke’s, except the baptised object is eliminated. A “baptism” may be a baptism of nothing, he argues: a name can be intelligibly introduced even if it names nothing (p. 212). The causal chain we associate with the use of proper names may begin merely with a “journalistic” source (p. 165).

• The causal theory has a difficult time explaining the phenomenon of reference change. Gareth Evans cites the example of when Marco Polo unknowingly referred to the African Island as “Madagascar” when the natives actually used the term to refer to a part of the mainland. Evans claims that Polo clearly intended to use the term as the natives do, but somehow changed the meaning of the term “Madagascar” to refer to the island as it is known today. Michael Devitt claims that repeated groundings in an object can account for reference change. However, such

  a response leaves open the problem of cognitive significance that originally intrigued Bertrand Russell and Frege.

• Machery, Mallon, Nichols and Stich (2004) have studied the intuitions about reference used by Kripke to support the causal theory of reference. They have shown that East-Asians are more likely than Americans to have intuitions about reference in line with descriptivist theories of reference.

[edit] References

• Donnellan, Keith. (1972) “Proper Names and Identifying Descriptions.”
• Evans, G. (1985) “The Causal Theory of Names”. in Martinich, A. P. ed. The Philosophy of Language. Oxford University Press.
• Evans, G. The Varieties of Reference, Oxford 1982
• Kripke, Saul. 1980. Naming and Necessity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
• Kripke, S. “A Puzzle about Belief”, 1979, in Martinich (ed) 1996, pp 382–409.
• McDowell, John. (1977) “On the Sense and Reference of a Proper Name.”
• Salmon, Nathan. (1981) Reference and Essence, Prometheus Books.
• Machery, E., Mallon, R., Nichols, S., and Stich, S. P. 2004. Semantics, Cross-cultural Style. Cognition, 92, 3, B1-B12.
• Sainsbury, R.M. “Sense without Reference” from Building on Frege, Newen, A., Nortmann,U., Stuhlmann Laisz, R., (eds.), Stanford 2001?

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Centennial Olympic Park bombing

Centennial Olympic Park bombing

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Centennial Park bombing
Shrapnel mark on Olympic Park sculpture
Location	Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Coordinates	33°45′41″N 84°23′33″W / 33.76152°N 84.39255°W / 33.76152; -84.39255Coordinates: 33°45′41″N 84°23′33″W / 33.76152°N 84.39255°W / 33.76152; -84.39255
Date	July 27, 1996 1:20 am (UTC-5)
Target	Centennial Olympic Park
Attack type	bombing
Death(s)	2
Injured	111
Belligerent(s)	Eric Robert Rudolph

 

The Centennial Olympic Park bombing was a terrorist bombing on July 27, 1996 in Atlanta, Georgia, United States during the 1996 Summer Olympics, the first of four committed by Eric Robert Rudolph.^[1] Two people died, and 111 were injured.

 

Contents [show] 1 Bombing 2 Reaction 3 Richard Jewell falsely implicated 4 Eric Robert Rudolph 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

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[edit] Bombing

 

Centennial Olympic Park was designed as the “town square” of the Olympics, and thousands of spectators had gathered for a late concert by the band Jack Mack and the Heart Attack. Sometime after midnight, Rudolph planted a green U.S. military ALICE pack (field pack) containing three pipe bombs surrounded by nails underneath a bench near the base of a concert sound tower. He then left the area. The pack had a directed charge and could have done more damage but it was tipped over at some point.^{[citation needed]} It was the largest pipe bomb in U.S. history, weighing in excess of 40 pounds. It used a steel plate as a directional device.^[2] Investigators were later to tie the Sandy Springs and Otherside bombs together with this first device because all were propelled by nitroglycerin dynamite, used an alarm clock and Rubbermaid containers, and contained steel plates.^[3]

 

Security guard Richard Jewell discovered the bag and alerted Georgia Bureau of Investigation officers; 9 minutes later, Rudolph called 911 to deliver a warning.^{[citation needed]} Jewell and other security guards began clearing the immediate area so that a bomb squad could investigate the suspicious package. At 1:20 AM, the bomb exploded.^{[citation needed]}

 

An Albany, Georgia woman, Alice Hawthorne, was killed by a nail that struck her in the head.^{[citation needed]}heart attack he suffered while running to cover the blast.^{[citation needed]} The bomb wounded 111 others. Turkish cameraman Melih Uzunyol died from a

 

[edit] Reaction

 

As the park reopened following the bombing.

 

President Bill Clinton denounced the explosion as an “evil act of terror” and vowed to do everything possible to track down and punish those responsible.^[4] At the W
hite House

, Clinton said, “We will spare no effort to find out who was responsible for this murderous act. We will track them down. We will bring them to justice.”^[5]

 

Despite the event, officials and athletes agreed that the games should continue as planned. The crash of TWA Flight 800 off Long Island (at the time, considered a possible terrorist attack), which had occurred just 10 days earlier on July 17, 1996, was likewise not considered a reason to postpone the games.^[6]

 

[edit] Richard Jewell falsely implicated

 

Main article: Richard Jewell

 

Though Richard Jewell was hailed as a hero for his role in discovering the bomb and moving spectators to safety, four days after the bombing, news organizations reported that Jewell was considered a potential suspect in the bombing. Jewell, at the time, was unknown to authorities, and a lone wolf profile made sense to FBI investigators after being contacted by his former employer at Piedmont College.

 

Though he was never arrested or named as more than a “person of interest”, Jewell’s home, where he lived with his mother, was searched and his background exhaustively investigated, all amid a media storm that had cameras following him to the grocery store.

 

Eventually, Jewell was exonerated, and once again hailed as a hero. After the media attention was over, he held several law enforcement jobs throughout Georgia until his death in 2007.

 

After his exoneration, Jewell filed a series of lawsuits against the media outlets which he claimed had libeledNBC News and The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and insisted on a formal apology from them. him, primarily

 

In 2006, Jewell said the lawsuits were not about money, and that the vast majority of the settlements went to lawyers or taxes. He said the lawsuits were about clearing his name.^[7]

 

According to CNN “Also named in the suit is Piedmont College, Jewell’s former employer, located in Demorest, Georgia, Piedmont College President Raymond Cleere, and college spokesman Scott Rawles.

 

Jewell’s attorneys contend Cleere called the FBI and spoke to the Atlanta newspapers, providing them with false information on Jewell and his employment there as a security guard.”

 

Jewell’s lawsuit accused Cleere of describing Jewell as a “badge-wearing zealot” who “would write epic police reports for minor infractions.”^[8]

 

[edit] Eric Robert Rudolph

 

Main article: Eric Robert Rudolph

 

After Jewell was cleared, the FBI admitted it had no other suspects, and the investigation made little progress until early 1997, when two more bombings took place at an abortion clinic and a lesbian nightclub, both in the Atlanta area. Similarities in the bomb design allowed investigators to conclude that this was the work of the same perpetrator. One more bombing of an abortion clinic, this time in Birmingham, Alabama, which killed a policeman working as a security guard and seriously injured nurse Emily Lyons, gave the FBI crucial clues including a partial license plate.

 

The plate and other clues led the FBI to identify Eric Robert Rudolph as a suspect. Rudolph eluded capture and became a fugitive; officials believed he had disappeared into the rugged southern Appalachian Mountains, familiar from his youth. On May 5, 1998, the FBI named him as one of itsten most wanted fugitives and offered a $1,000,000 reward for information leading directly to his arrest. On October 14, 1998, the Department of Justice formally named Rudolph as its suspect in all four bombings.

 

After more than five years on the run, Rudolph was arrested on May 31, 2003, in Murphy, North Carolina. On April 8, 2005, the government announced Rudolph would plead guilty to all four bombings, including the Centennial Olympic Park attack.

 

Rudolph is serving four life terms without the possibility of parole at ADX Florence supermax prison in Florence, Colorado. To be spared a possible death sentence, Rudolph agreed to a deal with federal prosecutors and revealed the whereabouts of dangerous explosives he buried in Cherokee County, N.C.^[9]

 

Rudolph’s justification for the bombings according to his April 13, 2005 statement, was political:

 

In the summer of 1996, the world converged upon Atlanta for the Olympic Games. Under the protection and auspices of the regime in Washington millions of people came to celebrate the ideals of global socialism. Multinational corporations spent billions of dollars, and Washington organized an army of security to protect these best of all games. Even though the conception and purpose of the so-called Olympic movement is to promote the values of global socialism, as perfectly expressed in the song Imagine by John Lennon, which was the theme of the 1996 Games even though the purpose of the Olympics is to promote these despicable ideals, the purpose of the attack on July 27 was to confound, anger and embarrass the Washington government in the eyes of the world for its abominable sanctioning of abortion on demand.

 

The plan was to force the cancellation of the Games, or at least create a state of insecurity to empty the streets around the venues and thereby eat into the vast amounts of money invested.

 

On August 22, 2005, Rudolph, who had previously received a life sentence for the Alabama bombing, was sentenced to three concurrent terms of life imprisonment without parole for the Georgia incidents. Rudolph read a statement at his sentencing in which he apologized to the victims and families only of the Centennial Park bombing, reiterating that he was angry at the government and hoped the Olympics would be cancelled. At his sentencing, fourteen other victims or relatives gave statements, including the widower of Alice Hawthorne.

 

[edit] See also

 

• Domestic terrorism in the United States

 

Christopher (given name) Chrystal Christine Chris

Christopher (given name)

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This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)

Christopher
Gender	Male
Meaning	Χριστόφορος (Christóphοros), ‘Christ bearer’
Origin	Greek
Related names	Chris, Christo, Christoph, Kit, Kester, Topher, “Criffa”, Cristobal and Christy

Look up Christopher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Christopher (sometimes Kristoffer) is the English version of a Europe-wide name derived from the Ancient Greekkhristós) “anointed one” and φέρειν (phérein) “to carry”. The name originates in the Christian legend of St. Christopher. Χριστόφορος (Khristóphoros). The constituent parts are χριστός (

As a given, or first name, Christopher has been in use since the 15th century. In Denmark the name was borne by three kings (their names are usually spelled Christoffer), and included the 15th-century Christopher of Bavaria who also ruled Norway and Sweden.

In English, Christopher may be abbreviated as Chris, Kit, Chip, Topher, Toph, Cris, Kris, and Christo. In parts of Ireland, the abbreviations Christy, Cricky or Crick are also used.

[edit] Forms in other languages

• Albanian: Kristofor
• Arabic: كريستوفر (Krystafer)
• Belarusian: Хрыстафор (Khrystafor)
• Breton: Kristof
• Bulgarian: Христофор (Khristofor)
• Catalan: Cristòfol
• Chinese: 克里斯多夫 (Pinyin: Kè lǐ sī duō fū)
• Corsican: Cristofanu
• Croatian: Kristofor
• Czech: Kryštof
• Danish: Christoffer/Christopher/Kristoffer
• Dutch: Christoffel, Christoforus, Christophe
• Esperanto: Kristoforo
• Finnish: Risto
• French: Christophe
• German: Christopher/Christoph/Christof
• Greek: Χριστόφορος (Khristóphoros)
• Hungarian: Kristóf
• Icelandic: Kristófer
• Irish: Críostóir
• Italian: Cristoforo
• Japanese: クリストフ (Kurisutofu)
• Korean: 크리스토퍼 (Keu-ri-seu-to-peo)
• Latin: Christophorus
• Latvian: Kristaps, Kristofers
• Lithuanian: Kristoforas, Kristupas
• Norwegian: Kristoffer
• Polish: Krzysztof
• Portuguese: Cristóvão
• Romanian: Christof, Christofor
• Russian: Христофор (Khristofor)
• Serbian: Христифор (Khristofor)
• Scottish: Crìsdean
• Slovakian: Krištof
• Slovenian: Krištof
• Spanish: Cristóbal
• Swedish: Kristoffer
• Thai: คริสโตเฟอร์ (Khritsatofoe)
• Turkish: Kristof
• Ukrainian: Христофор (Khristofor), Криштоф (Krishtof)
• Venetian: Cristoforo

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Categories: Masculine given names | English given names | Given names of Greek language origin