data mining
[edit] English
[edit] Noun
- A technique for searching large–scale databases for patterns; used mainly to find previously unknown correlations between variables that may be commercially useful
[edit] Translations
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David Axelrod | |
![]() Axelrod in the Oval Office, 2009 |
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Incumbent | |
Assumed office January 20, 2009 Serving with Peter Rouse and Valerie Jarrett |
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President | Barack Obama |
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Preceded by | Barry Jackson |
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Born | February 22, 1955 (1955-02-22) Lower East Side, Manhattan, New York |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse(s) | Susan Landau |
Children | Lauren Axelrod, Michael Axelrod, Ethan Axelrod |
Alma mater | University of Chicago |
Occupation | Senior Advisor to President Obama |
Religion | Judaism |
David M. Axelrod (born February 22, 1955) is an American political consultant based in Chicago, Illinois. He is best known as the top political advisor to President Barack Obama, first in Obama’s 2004 campaign for the U.S. Senate in Illinois and later as chief strategist for Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign. Following the 2008 election, he was appointed as Senior Advisor to President Obama.[1]
Axelrod is the founder of AKP&D Message and Media, was a political writer for the Chicago Tribune, and operated ASK Public Strategies, now called ASGK Public Strategies. He is also a supporter of Cook County Commissioner Forrest Claypool, who helped Axelrod begin his firm (under the name Axelrod and Associates).
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Born in New York‘s Lower East Side, Axelrod grew up in a middle-class American household and showed a passion for politics early. Axelrod grew up in Stuyvesant Town on the east side of Manhattan,[2] attending Public School 40. Axelrod’s father was a psychologist and avid baseball fan.[3] His mother worked as a journalist at
PM, a left-wing 1940s newspaper. Axelrod’s parents separated when he was eight years old. Axelrod traces his political involvement back to his childhood. Describing the appeal of politics, he told the Los Angeles Times, “I got into politics because I believe in idealism. Just to be a part of this effort that seems to be rekindling the kind of idealism that I knew when I was a kid, it’s a great thing to do.[4] So I find myself getting very emotional about it.”
At just thirteen years old, he was selling campaign buttons for Robert F. Kennedy.
After graduating from New York’s Stuyvesant High School[3] in 1972, Axelrod attended the University of Chicago. He majored in political science. As an undergraduate, Axelrod wrote for the Hyde Park Herald, covering politics, and picked up an internship at the Chicago Tribune. They hired him when he graduated in 1977.
While at the University of Chicago, he met his future wife, business student Susan Landau. They were married in 1979. In June 1981, Susan gave birth to their daughter, Lauren, who was soon diagnosed with epilepsy.[5]
At the age of twenty-seven, Axelrod became the City Hall Bureau Chief and a political columnist for the Chicago Tribune. He worked at the Tribune for eight years, covering national, state and local politics, and became the youngest political writer there in 1981.[6] Unhappy with his prospects at the Tribune, in 1984 he joined the campaign of U.S. Senator Paul Simon as communications director; within weeks he was promoted to co-campaign manager.[7]
In 1985, Axelrod formed a political consultancy company, Axelrod & Associates. In 1987 he worked on the successful reelection campaign of Harold Washington, Chicago’s first black mayor, while also helping to spearhead Simon’s campaign for the 1988 Democratic Presidential nomination. This established his first experience in working with black politicians and he later became a key player in similar mayoral campaigns of blacks, including Dennis Archer in Detroit, Michael R. White in Cleveland, Anthony A. Williams in Washington, D.C., Lee P. Brown in Houston, and John F. Street in Philadelphia.[2] Axelrod is a longtime strategist for Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley and styles himself a “specialist in urban politics.”
In January 1990, Axelrod was hired to be the media consultant for the all but official re-election campaign of Oregon Governor Neil Goldschmidt.[8] However, Goldschmidt announced in February that he would not seek re-election.[9]
In 2002, Axelrod was retained by the Liberal Party of Ontario to help Dalton McGuinty and his party to be elected into government in the October 2003 election. Axelrod’s effect on Ontario was heard through the winning Liberal appeal to “working families” and placing an emphasis on positive policy contrasts like canceling corporate tax breaks to fund education and health.[10]
In 2004, Axelrod worked for John Edwards‘ presidential campaign. During the campaign, he lost responsibility for making ads, but continued as the campaign’s spokesman. Regarding Edwards’ failed 2004 presidential campaign, Axelrod has commented, “I have a whole lot of respect for John, but at some point the candidate has to close the deal and — I can’t tell you why — that never happened with John.”[11]
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In 2006, Axelrod consulted for several campaigns, including the successful campaigns of Eliot Spitzer in New York’s gubernatorial election and Deval Patrick in Massachusetts’s gubernatorial election. Axelrod also served in 2006 as the chief political adviser for Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee chair U.S. Representative Rahm Emanuel for the U.S. House of Representatives elections, in which the Democrats gained 31 seats.
Until recently, Axelrod also worked as an Adjunct Professor of Communication Studies at Northwestern University, where he, along with Professor Peter Miller, taught an undergraduate class titled Campaign Strategy, a class that analyzed political campaigns, the strategies used by them, and the effectiveness of those strategies.[13]
On June 14, 2009 Axelrod received an honorary “Doctor of Humane Letters” degree from DePaul University, speaking at the commencement exercises of the College of Communication and College of Computing and Digital Media.[14]
Axelrod’s ties with Obama reach back more than a decade. Axelrod met Obama in 1992 when Obama so impressed Betty Lu Saltzmann, a woman from Chicago’s “lakefront liberal crowd,” during a black voter registration drive he ran that she then introduced the two. Obama also consulted Axelrod before he delivered his famed 2002 anti-war speech[15] and asked him to read drafts of his book, The Audacity of Hope.[16]
Axelrod served as the chief strategist and media advisor for Barack Obama’s 2008 presidential campaign. Axelrod contemplated taking a break from the 2008 presidential campaign, as five of the candidates —Barack Obama, Hillary Rodham Clinton, John Edwards, Christopher Dodd, and Tom Vilsack — were past clients. Personal ties between Axelrod and Hillary Clinton also made it difficult, as she had done significant work on behalf of epilepsy causes for a foundation co-founded by Axelrod’s wife and mother, Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy (CURE) (Axelrod’s daughter suffers from developmental disabilities associated with chronic epileptic seizures.) Axelrod’s wife even said that a 1999 conference Clinton convened to find a cure for the condition was “one of the most important things anyone has done for epilepsy.”[17]
However, Axelrod decided to participate in the Obama campaign. Ultimately, he viewed Obama’s potential candidacy as inspirational and historic. He often likens Obama to Robert F. Kennedy and told The Washington Post, “I thought that if I could help Barack Obama get to Washington, then I would have accomplished something great in my life.”[3]
Axelrod contributed to the initial announcement of Obama’s campaign by creating a five-minute Internet video released January 16, 2007.[18][19] He continued to use ‘man on the street’ style biographical videos to create intimacy and authenticity in the political ads.
Axelrod talking to reporters in the “spin room” after the Cleveland Democratic debate in February 2008
While the Clinton campaign chose an incumbent strategy that emphasized experience, Axelrod helped to craft the Obama campaign’s main theme of “change.” Axelrod criticized the Clinton campaign’s po
sitioning by saying that “being the consummate Washington insider is not where you want to be in a year when people want change…[Clinton’s] initial strategic positioning was wrong and kind of played into our hands.”[20] The change message played a factor in Obama’s victory in the Iowa caucuses. “Just over half of [Iowa’s] Democratic caucus-goers said change was the No. 1 factor they were looking for in a candidate, and 51 percent of those voters chose Barack Obama,” said CNN senior political analyst Bill Schneider. “That compares to only 19 percent of ‘change’ caucus-goers who preferred Clinton.”[21] Axelrod also believed that the Clinton campaign underestimated the importance of the caucus states. “For all the talent and the money they had over there,” says Axelrod, “they — bewilderingly — seemed to have little understanding for the caucuses and how important they would become.”[21] In the 2008 primary season, Obama won a majority of the states that use the caucus format.
Axelrod is credited with implementing a strategy that encourages the participation of people, a lesson drawn partly from Howard Dean‘s 2004 presidential campaign as well as a personal goal of Barack Obama. Axelrod explained to Rolling Stone, “When we started this race, Barack told us that he wanted the campaign to be a vehicle for involving people and giving them a stake in the kind of organizing he believed in. According to Axelrod getting volunteers involved became the legacy of the campaign “[22] This includes drawing on “Web 2.0” technology and viral media to support a grassroots strategy. Obama’s web platform allows supporters to blog, create their own personal page, and even phonebank from home. Axelrod’s elaborate use of the Internet has helped Obama to organize under-30 voters and build over 475,000 donors in 2007, most of whom were Internet donors contributing less than $100 each.[23] The Obama strategy stood in contrast to Hillary Clinton’s campaign, which benefited from high name recognition, large donors and strong support among established Democratic leaders.
The Politico described Axelrod as ‘soft-spoken’ and ‘mild-mannered’[24] and it quoted one Obama aide in Chicago as saying, “Do you know how lucky we are that he is our Mark Penn?”[25] Democratic consultant and former colleague Dan Fee said of Axelrod, “He’s a calming presence.”[26] “He’s not a screamer, like some of these guys,” political advisor Bill Daley said of Axelrod in the Chicago Tribune. “He has a good sense of humor, so he’s able to defuse things.”[7]
On November 20, 2008, Barack Obama named Axelrod as a Senior Advisor to his administration. The role is similar in status to that of Karl Rove in the George W. Bush administration .[27] His role includes crafting policy and communicating the President’s message in coordination with President Obama, the Obama Administration, speechwriters, and the White House communications team.
On April 15, 2009, Jim Messina and Jon Selib, chief of staff to Senate Finance Committee chairman Max Baucus, convened a meeting at the headquarters of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee (DSCC) with leaders of organized labor and health care groups, including PhRMA. At the meeting, the groups decided to form two nonprofit entities to promote reform efforts, Healthy Economy Now and Americans for Stable Quality Care, that would be almost entirely funded by PhRMA. The two groups spent $24 million on their advertising campaigns; the contract to produce and place ads went to White House Senior Advisor David Axelrod’s former firm, AKPD, which owed Axelrod $2 million.[28]
gotribune.com/news/local/chi-070620axelrod-htmlstory,1,3883059.htmlstory
. Retrieved April 4, 2008.![]() |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: David Axelrod |
Political offices | ||
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Preceded by Barry Jackson |
Senior Advisor to the President 2009–present Served alongside: Pete Rouse Valerie Jarrett |
Incumbent |
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Persondata | |
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Name | Axelrod, David |
Alternative names | |
Short description | |
Date of birth | February 22, 1955 |
Place of birth | Lower East Side, Manhattan, New York |
Date of death | |
Place of death |
David Levy Yulee | |
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In office July 1, 1845 – March 3, 1851 March 4, 1855 – January 21, 1861 |
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Preceded by | (none) Jackson Morton |
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Succeeded by | Stephen Mallory Thomas W. Osborn |
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Born | June 12, 1810(1810-06-12) Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands |
Died | October 10, 1886(1886-10-10) (aged 76) New York City, New York, U.S. |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse(s) | Nannie C. Wickliffe Yulee |
Profession | Politician, Lawyer |
Religion | Judaism, conversion to Christianity |
David Levy Yulee (June 12, 1810 – October 10, 1886) was an American politician from Florida and the first Jewish member of the United States Senate. [1]
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Yulee was born David Levy in Charlotte Amalie, on the island of St. Thomas, during the British occupation of the Danish West Indies, now the United States Virgin Islands. His father, Moses Elias Levy, bought 50,000 acres (200 km2) of land near present-day Jacksonville to establish a “New Jerusalem” for Jewish settlers. [1]
After studying and practicing law in St. Augustine, David Levy became the delegate to United States Congress for the Florida Territory and was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate when Florida was admitted to the Union in 1845.[2] In 1846, he officially changed his name to David Levy Yulee (adding his father’s ancestral Sephardic surname) and married Nannie C. Wickliffe, the daughter of Charles A. Wickliffe, former governor of Kentucky and Postmaster General under President John Tyler. His wife was not Jewish, and their children were raised as Christians.[1] After serving one term in the Senate, Yulee was defeated for re-election in 1850.
The next year, he founded a 5,000-acre (20 km2) sugar plantation along the Homosassa River. The remains of his plantation are found at the Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins State Historic Site.
While living in Fernandina, he began to follow his dream to build a railroad across Florida. He had originally planned to build a state-owned system as far back as 1837, but in 1851, he became the first southerner to utilize federal grants by drawing up an “Internal Improvement Act”. Using federal and state land grants and public stock. The Florida Railroad was chartered in 1853. The terminals would be the deep water ports, Fernandina on Amelia Island on the Atlantic side and Cedar Key on the Gulf. Construction began in 1855 and on March 1, 1861, the first train arrived in Cedar Key, just weeks before the beginning of the Civil War.
Elected to the Senate again in 1855, he served until January 21, 1861, when he withdrew from the Senate after Florida seceded to join the Congress of the Confederacy. In 1865 he was imprisoned in Fort Pulaski due to his support for the Confederacy.[1] After his release from confinement, he rebuilt the Yulee Railroad, which had been destroyed during the war. Yulee held a number of executive positions in Florida railroads and hosted President Ulysses S. Grant in 1870 in Fernandina.
He moved to Washington, D.C. in 1880 and died six years later while in New York. Yulee was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.[1]
Both the town of Yulee, Florida and Levy County, Florida are named for him. He was designated a Great Floridian by the Florida Department of State in the Great Floridians 2000 Program. Plaques attesting to the honor are found at both the Fernandina Chamber of Commerce and the Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins State Historic Site in Homosassa.[2]
United States House of Representatives | ||
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Preceded by Charles Downing |
Delegate to the U.S. H
ouse of Representatives from Florida Territory 1841 – 1845 |
Succeeded by None. Statehood granted. |
United States Senate | ||
Preceded by (none) |
United States Senator (Class 1) from Florida July 1, 1845 – March 3, 1851 Served alongside: James D. Westcott, Jr. and Jackson Morton |
Succeeded by Stephen R. Mallory |
Preceded by Jackson Morton |
United States Senator (Class 3) from Florida March 4, 1855 – January 21, 1861 Served alongside: Stephen Mallory |
Succeeded by Thomas W. Osborn(1) |
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1. Because of Florida‘s secession, the Senate seat was vacant for seven years before Osborn succeeded Yulee. |
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Persondata | |
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Name | Yulee, David Levy |
Alternative names | |
Short description | |
Date of birth | June 12, 1810 |
Place of birth | Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands |
Date of death | October 10, 1886 |
Place of death | New York City, New York, U.S. |
Dmitry Gennadyevich Medvedev Дмитрий Геннадьевич Медведев |
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1970 (1970) – 15 April 2005 (aged 34–35) | |
![]() Dmitry Gennadyevich Medvedev |
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Place of birth | ![]() |
Place of death | ![]() |
Allegiance | Russia |
Service/branch | Federal Security Service |
Years of service | 2002–2005 |
Rank | Lieutenant-Colonel |
Awards |
Dmitry Gennadyevich Medvedev (Russian: Дми́трий Генна́дьевич Медве́дев; 1970 – 15 April 2005) was a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation who was killed in action in Chechnya. For his service he was posthumously honoured as a Hero of the Russian Federation.
Medvedev was born in Kemerovo in 1970 to a normal Soviet working family. His father was a miner, and wished for his son to join the military. In 1988 Medvedev began studies at the Higher Frontier Command School in Alma-Ata and after graduation he served in the Far Eastern frontier district. He later served in the North Caucasus regional administration of the Federal Security Service. Medvedev took part in campaigns to restore constitutional order in Tajikistan during that country’s civil war.[1][2]
In April 2002, Medvedev enlisted in the security services, and completed several tours of duty in the North Caucasus region, where he participated in counter-terrorism operations.[3]
He was awarded Order Of Service To The Fatherland 2nd-class, 2 Medals of Valour and a Medal For Distinguished Service In Defence Of The State Frontiers.[3]
During the the FSB operation on 8 March 2005 in Tolstoy-Yurt during which Aslan Maskhadov was killed, Kommersant reported that documents were found which indicated that the insurgent field commander Dokka Umarov was using an apartment on Bogdan Khmelnitsky Street in Leninsky District of Grozny as a base of operation.[4]
On 15 April 2005, whilst carrying out a special operation in Grozny, Medvedev and two comrades of the Vympel unit of the FSB were killed.[3] On 18 May 2005, President Vladimir Putin bestowed on Medvedev the title “Hero of the Russian Federation“.[2]
Persondata | |
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Name | Medvedev, Dmitry Gennadyevich |
Alternative names | |
Short description | |
Date of birth | 1970 |
Place of birth | Kemerovo, Russian SFSR, USSR |
Date of death | 15 April 2005 |
Place of death | Grozny, Chechnya, Russia |
Dominic | |
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Gender | Male |
Meaning | Lord |
Origin | Latin |
Related names | Domingo, Dominique |
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Look up Dominic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Dominic is a male name. Translated from Latin it means ‘of Our Lord’ or ‘belonging to God’. Variations include: Dominik, Dominick, Domenic, Domenico and the usually feminine Dominique (although in France ‘Dominique’ is unisex and widely used for men too).