Powers and Principalities

This WordPress.com site is the cat’s pajamas

Intellectual rights

 
 

 

Intellectual rights

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Jump to: navigation, search

Question book-new.svg
 This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2007)
Intellectual property law
Primary rights
Copyright · authors’ rights · related rights · moral rights · patent · utility model · trademark · geographical indication · trade secret
Sui generis rights
Database right · indigenous intellectual property · industrial design right · mask work · plant breeders’ rights · supplementary protection certificate
Related topics
Societal views · orphan works · public domain · outline of intellectual property

Intellectual rights (from the French “droits intellectuels“) is a term sometimes used to refer to the legal protection afforded to owners of intellectual capital. This notion is more commonly referred to as “intellectual property“, though “intellectual rights” more aptly describes the nature of the protections afforded by most nations.

Both terms were used in Europe during the 19th century as a means of distinguishing between two different views of intellectual protection. “Intellectual property” was generally used to advocate a belief that copyrights and patents should provide rights akin to physical property rights. The term “intellectual rights” was used by those who felt that such protection should take the form of temporary, limited grants.

Although most modern copyright systems do not treat copyrighted or patented materials in the same way as real property, the term “intellectual property” has gained prominence. For more on this subject, see “intellectual property“.

Also, at least three different kinds of capital and rights are involved:

  • creativity (individual capital) which implies rights to benefit from one’s free expression
  • invention (instructional capital) which implies rights to benefit from having created some more efficient device or process
  • reputation (social capital) which implies rights not to have one’s name or specific distinguishing tagline or ethic sullied by imitators or rivals

All three capital terms predate the term intellectual capital, which appears to be a 19th century artifact of early, now-discredited, economic theory.

In 20th century Europe also originated another more modern approach, intended to sweep away the differences between the historical “Intellectual Property” and “Intellectual Rights” camps, allowing every creator both perpetual and temporary rights:

Note that this is one of the chief differences between U.S. and EU approach towards IPR up till the early 21st century, in that the crystallisation of this modern approach (the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works) is still only partially put in practice in the U.S., and, where applied, this is done largely outside the legislation regarding IP.

Thoughts on Intellectual Rights http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html

 

Personal tools

Namespaces

 

Variants
 

Actions
 

 

July 15, 2012 Posted by | Defense Production Act, Houston Space Center, Science and medicine, Spaceflight, Technology, Texas, The Outer Space Treaty, UN, World economics | , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment

Seroquel

Quetiapine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  (Redirected from Seroquel)
Jump to: navigation, search
Quetiapine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
2-(2-(4-dibenzo[b,f][1,4]thiazepine- 11-yl- 1-piperazinyl)ethoxy)ethanol
Identifiers
CAS number 111974-69-7
ATC code N05AH04
PubChem CID 5002
IUPHAR ligand ID 50
DrugBank DB01224
ChemSpider 4827
Chemical data
Formula C21H25N3O2S 
Mol. mass 383.5099 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 9%
Metabolism Hepatic
Half-life 6 hours
Excretion Renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat. C(US)
Legal status ℞-only (US)
Routes Oral
 Yes(what is this?)  (verify)Y
Quetiapine (pronounced /kwɨˈtaɪ.əpiːn/ kwi-TYE-ə-peen), marketed by AstraZeneca as Seroquel and by Orion Pharma as Ketipinor, both as a quetiapine fumarate salt of the drug, is an atypical antipsychoticschizophrenia, bipolar I mania, bipolar II depression, bipolar I depression, and used off-label for a variety of other purposes, including insomnia and anxiety disorders. used in the treatment of
Annual sales are approximately $4.7 billion worldwide, and $2.9 billion in the U.S.[1] The patent in the U.S., which was set to expire in 2011, received a pediatric exclusivity extension, which pushed its expiration to March 26, 2012.[2] The patent already expired in Canada. Several pharmaceutical companies are now making generic versions of quetiapine. Quepin is a generic version manufactured and marketed by Specifar ABEE, Athens, Greece.[3]
Controversy arose over AstraZeneca’s aggressive marketing of the Seroquel for off-label uses, including treatment of PTSD in veterans. Several American soldiers and veterans have died while taking Seroquel.[4]

Contents

[show]

[edit] Uses

Quetiapine (Seroquel) 25 mg tablets, next to US one-cent coin for comparison.

Quetiapine is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia, depressive episodes associated with bipolar disorder, acute manic episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (as either monotherapy or adjunct therapy to lithium or valproate), and maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder (as adjunct therapy to lithium or divalproex). Quetiapine received its initial indication from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of schizophrenia in 1997.[5] In 2004, it received its second indication for the treatment of mania-associated bipolar disorder.[6] It is sometimes used off-label, often as an augmentation agent, to treat conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, restless legs syndrome, autism, alcoholism, depression,[7] Tourette syndrome,[8] and has been used by physicians as a sedative for those with sleep disorders or anxiety disorders.[9]
In 2005, the National Institute of Mental Health examined quetiapine and other antipsychotics to uncover the comparative efficacy of “second generation” anti-psychotics against older anti-psychotics (known as “first generation” or “typical anti-psychotics”). Such information could be important to the patients, as the newer drugs are far more expensive than their older counterparts. Published in the New England Journal of Medicine, the results of the CATIE (“clinical antipsychotic trials of interventional effectiveness”) trial were somewhat mixed. 74% of trial participants (of the 1,493 people who were in different treatment groups) discontinued before the trial ended. The majority of the participants discontinued treatment due to intolerable side effects or lack of efficacy. Olanzapine (Zyprexa) was considered the most effective in terms of the time it took patients to drop out of the study, although it was associated with greater weight gain and glucoseperphenazine.[10] The CATIE trial was supported by a grant (N01 MH90001) from the NIMH and by the Foundation of Hope of Raleigh, N.C. The individual pharmaceutical companies, whose drugs were used, donated all of the study medication. intolerability found in diabetes patients. The effects of all other treatments (such as Seroquel) were considered to be similar to the effects of the generic (and dramatically less expensive) drug,
A report in British Medical Journal in 2005 showed that quetiapine was ineffective in reducing agitation among Alzheimer’s patients, whose usage of the drug constituted 29% of sales. In fact, quetiapine was found to worsen cognitive functioning in elderly patients with dementia.[11]
Use of quetiapine to minimize the symptoms of opioid withdrawal has been studied.[12]

[edit] Investigations

In 2007 and 2008, studies were conducted on quetiapine’s efficacy in treating generalized anxiety disorder and major depression. In April 2009, the Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held a public meeting to discuss whether study results supported the FDA’s approval for anxiety and depression, with risks of metabolic side effects and of tardive dyskinesia and sudden cardiac death.[13]

In 2010 AstraZeneca was ordered to pay $520 million in a settlement with State and Federal authorities. According to the settlement AstraZeneca promoted the sale and use of Seroquel for uses not approved by the FDA, and paid illegal kickbacks to doctors. As a result of their promotional activity, physicians prescribed Seroquel for children, adolescents and dementia patients in long term care facilities.[14]

[edit] Pharmacology

Quetiapine has the following pharmacological actions:[15][16][17][18]
This means Quetiapine is dopamine, serotonin and adrenergic antagonist, anticholinergic substance and antihistamine. Quetiapine binds strongly to serotonin receptors. Serial PET scans evaluating the D2 receptor occupancy of quetiapine have demonstrated that quetiapine very rapidly disassociates from the D2[19] Theoretically, this allows for normal physiological surges of dopamine to elicit normal effects in areas such as the nigrostriatal and tuberoinfundibular pathways, thus minimizing the risk of side effects such as pseudo-parkinsonism as well as elevations in prolactin.[citation needed] receptor.

October 15, 2010 Posted by | Business enterprises, Science and medicine | , , , , , , , , , , , | Leave a comment