Sirhan Sirhan
Sirhan Sirhan
| Sirhan Sirhan | |
|---|---|
 Sirhan Sirhan mugshot |
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| Born | Sirhan Bishara Sirhan سرحان بشارة سرحان March 19, 1944 (age 68) Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine |
| Charge(s) | Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy |
| Penalty | Death; commuted to life imprisonment in 1972 |
| Status | Incarcerated |
| Parents | Bishara Sirhan and Mary Muzhea |
Sirhan Bishara Sirhan (Arabic: سرحان بشارة سرحان, born March 19, 1944) is a Jordanian citizen who was convicted for the assassination of United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy. He is currently serving a life sentence at Pleasant Valley State Prison in Coalinga, California.
Sirhan is an Arab who was born in Jerusalem and who strongly opposed Israel. In 1989, he told David Frost “My only connection with Robert Kennedy was his sole support of Israel and his deliberate attempt to send those 50 bombers to Israel to obviously do harm to the Palestinians”. Some scholars believe that the assassination was one of the first major incidents of political violence in the United States stemming from the Arab Israeli conflict in the Middle East.[1] In 2011, his defense attorneys filed motions for a new trial, arguing Sirhan “should be freed from prison or granted a new trial based on ‘formidable evidence’, asserting his innocence and ‘horrendous violations’ of his rights”.[2]
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Early life
Sirhan is a Christian Arab with Jordanian citizenship[3] born in Jerusalem. When he was 12 years old, his family emigrated, moving briefly to New York and then to California. He attended Eliot Junior High School (now known as Charles W. Eliot Middle School) in Altadena, California, John Muir High School and Pasadena City College. Sirhan’s father Bishara was characterized as a stern man who often beat his sons harshly. Shortly after the family’s move to California, Bishara returned alone to the Middle East.[4]
As an adult, Sirhan changed church denominations several times, joining Baptist and Seventh-day Adventist churches, and also allegedly dabbling in the occult.[5] He was employed as a stable boy in 1965 at the Santa Anita race track in Arcadia, California.[6] Sirhan has retained his Jordanian citizenship and has not become a U.S. citizen.[3]
[edit] Robert F. Kennedy assassination
On June 5, 1968, Sirhan fired a .22 caliber Iver-Johnson Cadet revolver[7] at Senator Robert Kennedy and the crowd surrounding him in the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles shortly after Kennedy had finished addressing supporters in the hotel’s main ballroom. George Plimpton, Rosey Grier, author Pete Hamill, and 1960 Olympic gold medalist Rafer Johnson were among several men who subdued and disarmed Sirhan after a lengthy struggle.
Kennedy was shot three times, once in the head and twice in the back, with a fourth bullet passing through his jacket, and died nearly 26 hours later.[8] Five other people at the party were also shot, but all five recovered: Paul Schrade, an official with the United Automobile Workers union; William Weisel, an ABC TV unit manager; Ira Goldstein, a reporter with the Continental News Service;[9] Elizabeth Evans, a friend of Pierre Salinger, one of Kennedy’s campaign aides; and Irwin Stroll, a teenaged Kennedy volunteer.[10][11]
[edit] Prosecution
Despite Sirhan’s admission of guilt, recorded in a confession made while in police custody on June 6, a lengthy trial followed. The court judge did not accept his confession and denied his request to withdraw his not guilty plea so that he could plead guilty.[12] Years later, Sirhan recanted his confession, claiming not to remember making it.
On February 10, 1969, a motion by Sirhan’s lawyers to enter a plea of guilty to first degree murder in exchange for life imprisonment (rather than the death penalty) was made in chambers. Sirhan announced to the court judge, Herbert V. Walker, that he wanted to withdraw his original plea of not guilty in order to plead guilty as charged on all counts. He also asked that his counsel “…dissociate themselves from this case completely.” When the judge asked him what he wanted to do about sentencing, Sirhan replied, “I will ask to be executed.” [12]
Judge Walker denied the motion and stated, “This court will not accept the plea…” The judge also denied Sirhan’s request for his counsel to withdraw; when his counsel entered another motion to withdraw from the case of their own volition, Walker denied this motion as well.[12] Judge Walker subsequently ordered that the record pertaining to the motion be sealed.[13]
The trial proceeded, and opening statements began on February 12, 1969, a mere two days later. The lead prosecutor in the Sirhan case was Lynn “Buck” Compton, a World War II veteran who later became and retired as Justice of the California Court of Appeal.[14] The prosecution’s opening statement, delivered by David Fitts, was replete with examples of Sirhan’s deliberate preparations to kill Kennedy. The prosecution was able to show that just two nights before the attack, on June 3, Sirhan was seen at the Ambassador Hotel, apparently attempting to learn the building’s layout; evidence proved that he visited a gun range on June 4. Further testimony by Alvin Clark, Sirhan’s garbage collector, who claimed that Sirhan had told him a month before the attack of his intention to shoot Kennedy, seemed especially damning.[12]
Sirhan’s defense counsel, which included Attorney Grant Cooper, had hoped to demonstrate that the killing had been an impulsive act of a man with a mental deficiency, but when Judge Walker admitted into evidence pages from three of the journal notebooks that Sirhan had kept, it was clear that the murder was not only premeditated, but also “quite calculating and willful.”[12]
On March 3, 1969, in the Los Angeles courtroom, Cooper asked Sirhan directly if he had indeed shot Senator Kennedy. Sirhan replied immediately: “Yes, sir.” but then stated that he did not bear any ill-will towards Kennedy.[12] Sirhan also testified that he had killed Kennedy “with 20 years of malice aforethought“. He explained in an interview with David Frost in 1989 that this referred to the time since the creation of the State of Israel.[15] He has maintained since being arrested that he has no memory of the crime nor of making that statement in open court.[16]
During Sirhan’s testimony, Cooper asked him to explain his reasons for the attack on Kennedy. Sirhan launched into “a vicious diatribe about the Middle East conflict between Arab and Jew”.[12][17] Defense counsel Emile Zola Berman, who was Jewish, was upset by Sirhan’s statements and expressed his intentions to resign [yet again] from the defense team. Berman was eventually talked out of resigning by Cooper and stayed until the end of the trial.[12]
During the trial, the defense primarily based their case on the expert testimony of Bernard L. Diamond, M.D. a professor of law and psychiatry at University of California, Berkeley, who testified that Sirhan was suffering from diminished capacity at the time of the murder.[18] Sirhan’s behavior throughout the trial was indeed bizarre, and at one point, he became outraged during testimony about his childhood.[12]
Sirhan was convicted on April 17, 1969, and was sentenced six days later to death in the gas chamber. Three years later, his sentence was commuted to life in prison, owing to the California Supreme Court‘s decision in People v. Anderson, (The People of the State of California v. Robert Page Anderson, 493 P.2d 880, 6 Cal. 3d 628 (Cal. 1972)), which ruled capital punishment a violation of the California Constitution’s prohibition of cruel or unusual punishment. The California Supreme Court declared in the Anderson case that its decision was retroactive, thereby invalidating all prior death sentences imposed in California.[13]
[edit] Appeals
Sirhan’s lawyer Lawrence Teeter later argued that Grant Cooper was compromised by a conflict of interest and was, as a consequence, grossly negligent in defense of his client.[19] The defense moved for a new trial amid claims of set-ups, police bungles, hypnotism, brainwashing, blackmail and government conspiracies.[20][21] On June 5, 2003, coincidentally the 35th anniversary of Kennedy’s assassination, Lawrence Teeter petitioned a federal court in Los Angeles to move the case to Fresno.[20][21] He argued Sirhan could not get a fair hearing in Los Angeles, where a man who helped prosecute Sirhan is now a federal judge: U.S. District Judge William Matthew Byrne, Jr. in Los Angeles was a deputy U.S. attorney during Sirhan’s trial, and part of the prosecutorial team.[22] Teeter, who had been trying since 1994 to have state and federal courts overturn the conviction, argued that his client was hypnotized and framed, possibly by a government conspiracy.[20][21] He was granted a June 30 hearing. During the hearing, Teeter referred to testimony from the original trial transcripts regarding a prosecution eyewitness to the attack, author George Plimpton, in which he said that Sirhan looked “enormously composed. He seemed—purged.” This statement coincided with the defense’s argument that Sirhan had shot Kennedy while in some kind of hypnotic trance.[12] The motion was denied. Teeter died in 2005, and Sirhan declined other counsel to replace him.[23] On November 26, 2011, Sirhan’s defense teams filed new court papers for a new trial, saying that “expert analysis of recently uncovered evidence shows two guns were fired in the assassination and that Sirhan’s revolver was not the gun that shot Kennedy.”[2][24]
[edit] Motives
A motive cited for his actions is the Middle East conflict.[17] After his arrest, Sirhan said, “I can explain it. I did it for my country.”[17] Sirhan believed he was deliberately betrayed by Kennedy’s support for Israel in the June 1967 Six-Day War,[25] which had begun exactly one year to the day before the assassination. During a search of Sirhan’s apartment after his arrest, a spiral-bound notebook was found containing a diary entry which demonstrated that his anger had gradually fixated on Robert Kennedy, who had promised to send 50 fighter jets to Israel if he were elected president. Sirhan’s journal entry of May 18, 1968, read: “My determination to eliminate R.F.K. is becoming the more and more of an unshakable obsession…Kennedy must die before June 5th”.[12][17] They found other notebooks and diary entries which contained his growing rage at Zionists, particularly at Kennedy; his journals also contained many nonsensical scribbles, which were thought to be his version of “free writing“.
The next day, on June 6, the Los Angeles Times printed an article, which discussed Sirhan’s motive for the assassination, confirmed by the memos Sirhan wrote to himself. Jerry Cohen, who authored the article, stated:
When the Jordanian nationalist, Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, allegedly shot Kennedy, ostensibly because of the senator’s advocacy of U.S. support for Israel, the crime with which he was charged was in essence another manifestation of the centuries-old hatred between Arab and Jew.[26]
M.T. Mehdi, then secretary-general of the Action Committee on American-Arab Relations, believed that Sirhan had acted in justifiable self-defense, stating: “Sirhan was defending himself against those 50 Phantom jets Kennedy was sending to Israel.” Mehdi wrote a 100-page book on the subject called Kennedy and Sirhan: Why?.[27]
Later in prison, Sirhan stated that his motivation was anger fueled by liquor. An interview with Sirhan in 1980 revealed new claims that a combination of liquor and anger over the anniversary of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war triggered his actions the night he assassinated RFK. “You must remember the circumstances of that night, June 5. That was when I was provoked,” Sirhan says, recorded in a transcript of one of his interviews with Mehdi, later president of the New York-based American-Arab Relations Committee. “That is when I initially went to observe the Jewish Zionist parade in celebration of the June 5, 1967, victory over the Arabs. That was the catalyst that triggered me on that night.” Then Sirhan said, “In addition, there was the consumption of the liquor, and I want the public to understand that…”[23]
At a June 30, 2003 hearing, Lawrence Teeter, in an attempt to get Sirhan a new trial, claimed that Sirhan had been hypnotized into firing at Kennedy and that he may have been using blanks; that Sirhan couldn’t possibly have fired the fatal shot from where he was standing; that prosecutors blackmailed his defense attorney to throw the case and that police and government agencies whitewashed or bungled investigations. The motion was denied.[20][21][22]
[edit] Imprisonment
Since October 29, 2009, Sirhan has been confined at Pleasant Valley State Prison in Coalinga, California, where he is housed in a cell by himself.[28] From 1992 to 2009, Sirhan had been confined at the California State Prison (COR) in Corcoran, California and lived in COR’s Protective Housing Unit until he was moved to a harsher lockdown at COR in 2003.[29] Prior to 1992, he had been at the Correctional Training Facility (CTF) in Soledad, California.[29][30]
[edit] Applications for parole
In a 1980 interview with M.T. Mehdi, Sirhan claimed his actions were fueled by liquor and anger. He then complained that the parole board was not taking these “mitigating” circumstances into account when they continually denied his parole.[23]
On May 10, 1982, Sirhan told the parole board: “I sincerely believe that if Robert Kennedy were alive today, I believe he would not countenance singling me out for this kind of treatment. I think he would be among the first to say that, however horrible the deed I committed 14 years ago was, that it should not be the cause for denying me equal treatment under the laws of this country.”[31][32]
A parole hearing for Sirhan is now scheduled every five years. On March 2, 2011, after 42 years in prison, Sirhan’s 14th parole hearing was held, with Sirhan represented by his current attorney, William Francis Pepper. At his parole hearing, Sirhan testified that he continues to have no memory of the assassination nor of any details of his 1969 trial and confession. Pepper also repeated the claim, that Sirhan’s lawyers previously stated in the past, that Sirhan’s mind was “programmed” and then “wiped” by an unknown conspiracy behind the assassination which is why Sirhan has no memory of the murder or of the aftermath. His parole was denied on the grounds that Sirhan still does not understand the full ramifications of his crime.[33]
[edit] See also
- RFK (2002 film)
- RFK Must Die (2007 film)
- Bobby (2006 film)
- Notable Inmates at California State Prison, Corcoran
- Robert Kennedy in Palestine (1948)
- Palestinian Christians
- List of people with reduplicated names
[edit] References
- ^ “RFK’s death now viewed as first case of Mideast violence exported to U.S.”. San Diego Union Tribune (Boston Globe). June 8, 2008.
- ^ a b “Convicted RFK assassin Sirhan Sirhan seeks prison release”. CNN. November 26, 2011.
- ^ a b Martinez, Michael (March 1, 2011). “Sirhan Sirhan, convicted RFK assassin, to face parole board”. CNN.
- ^ Sirhan Sirhan profile at TruTV.com
- ^ “The Robert Kennedy Assassination: Unraveling the Conspiracy Theories by Mel Ayton”. Crimemagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- ^ “Robert Kennedy Assassination: Revisions and Rewrites”. Crimelibrary.com. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- ^ Witcover 1969, p. 266.
- ^ Sirhan Researcher
- ^ Political activism grows – Wounded Encino youth, 19, gives eyewitness account
- ^ Irwin N. Stroll; Wounded in RFK Slaying, He Became Famed Designer, Los Angeles Times (February 20, 1995), Retrieved: November 27, 2011.
- ^ “Citizine – RFK Assassination, Sirhan, Eugene Cesar, Ambassador”. Citizinemag.com. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k “Sirhan Bishara Sirhan Trial: 1969 – A Murder Plan”.
- ^ a b People v. Sirhan, 7 Cal. 3d 710, June 16, 1972
- ^ “Sirhan Sirhan: Assassin of Modern U.S. History by Denise Noe”. Crimemagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2008-07-30. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zl52Vd6RL8A
- ^ Skoloff, Brian. “Sirhan Sirhan denied parole for 12th time”. Signonsandiego.com. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- ^ a b c d Kujawsky, Paul (May 29, 2008). “Palestinian terror stretches back to RFK”. The Jewish Journal. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ “Bernard Diamond; Expert on Psychiatry and the Law”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ “Teeter Statement of June 5, 1998”. Jfk-info.com. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- ^ a b c d Jablon, Robert (June 6, 2003). “Attorney says Sirhan didn’t kill Robert Kennedy”. Daily Breeze (Los Angeles). Retrieved 2009-09-10.
- ^ a b c d Lota, Louinn (4 June 2003). “Killer of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy wants appeal moved from Los Angeles courts”. Los Angeles: Associated Press Worldstream. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
- ^ a b Lota, Louinn (June 4, 2003). “Article: Killer of R.F. Kennedy Wants Appeal Moved”. Los Angeles: AP Online. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
- ^ a b c “Sirhan says liquor, anger led to killing”. Wilmington Morning Star (Los Angeles). September 27, 1980. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ “Attorneys for RFK convicted killer Sirhan push ‘second gunman’ argument”. CNN. March 5, 2012.
- ^ “Part II: Why Sirhan Sirhan Assassinated Robert Kennedy by Mel Ayton”. Crimemagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- ^ Cohen, Jerry (June 6, 1968). “Yorty Reveals That Suspect’s Memo Set Deadline for Death”. Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles, Calif.): p. Front Page. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ Mehdi, Mohammad Taki (1968). Kennedy and Sirhan: Why? (Illustrated Paperback ed.). pp. 100. ISBN 0-911-02604-7.
- ^ Deutsch, Linda. “Robert F. Kennedy’s killer is moved to new site”, The Seattle Times, Associated Press, November 2, 2009.
- ^ a b Curtis, Kim. Even in prison Jackson would be ‘star’. Daily Breeze (Torrance, CA), June 13, 2005.
- ^ Grossi, Mark. Corcoran Prison Home to Who’s-Who of Killers. The List of Infamous Murderers at the State Facility has Grown This Week to Include Sirhan Sirhan and Juan Corona. The Fresno Bee, June 5, 1992
- ^ Oppenheim, Carol (1982-05-11). “RFK would OK parole, Sirhan says”. Chicago Tribune: p. 9.
- ^ “Sirhan denied parole for 10th time in RFK killing” by Steve Wilstein. Daily Breeze (Torrance, CA), May 24, 1989
- ^ Lovett, Ian (March 2, 2011). “California: Sirhan Sirhan Denied Parole”. The New York Times.
[edit] Further reading
- Jansen, Godfrey, Why Robert Kennedy Was Killed: The Story of Two Victims, New York, Third Press, 1970. OCLC 137100
- Kaiser, Robert Blair, “R.F.K. Must Die!”: A History of the Robert Kennedy Assassination and Its Aftermath, New York, E.P. Dutton & Co, Inc. 1970. ISBN 978-1-59020-070-4
- Kaiser, Robert Blair, “R.F.K. Must Die!”: Chasing the Mystery of the Robert Kennedy Assassination, New York, Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. 2008. ISBN 978-1-59020-124-4
- Melanson, Philip H., Who Killed Robert Kennedy?, Berkeley, California, Odonian, 1993. ISBN 978-1-878825-12-4
- Turner, William V., and John G. Christian, The Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy: A Searching Look at the Conspiracy and Cover-up 1968-1978, New York, Random House, 1978. ISBN 978-0-394-40273-4
- Ayton, Mel, The Forgotten Terrorist – Sirhan Sirhan and the Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy Washington DC, Potomac Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1-59797-079-2
- Mehdi, Mohammad Taki, Kennedy and Sirhan: Why?, New World Press, 1968. Edition: Illustrated Paperback, 100 pages. ISBN 978-0-911026-04-7
Robert Kardashian
| Robert Kardashian | |
|---|---|
| Born | Robert George Kardashian, February 22, 1944(1944-02-22) Los Angeles, California |
| Died | September 30, 2003(2003-09-30) (aged 59) Los Angeles, California |
| Cause of death | Esophageal cancer |
| Education | 1966: University of Southern California (undergraduate) 1967: University of San Diego School of Law (J.D.)[1] |
| Occupation | Lawyer, Businessman |
| Known for | Lawyer in the O. J. Simpson trial |
| Spouse | Kris Jenner (1978-1990) Ellen Pierson (2003-death) |
| Children | Kourtney Kardashian (1979) Kim Kardashian (1980) Khloé Kardashian (1984) Robert Kardashian, Jr. (1987) |
| Relatives | Mason Disick (grandson) |
Robert George Kardashian (February 22, 1944 – September 30, 2003) was an American attorney, best known as one of the attorneys for, and a friend of, O. J. Simpson.
Contents[hide] |
Personal life
Robert Kardashian was of Armenian descent. He came from an upper class Armenian-American family from Los Angeles, California. Kardashian earned a Juris Doctor from the University of San Diego School of Law and practiced for about a decade; after that, he went into business. When he presented the O.J. Simpson case in 1995, it had been over 20 years since Kardashian had last practiced law.
He is the father of reality show personalities Kim, Kourtney, Khloé, and Robert Kardashian Jr., with his former wife Kris Jenner.
O. J. Simpson case
Kardashian and Simpson first met in the early 1970s and became close friends. Kardashian let his license to practice law become inactive three years before the Simpson case. He reactivated his license to aid in Simpson’s defense as a volunteer assistant on his legal team. He sat by Simpson throughout the trial.[2]
Simpson stayed in Kardashian’s house during the days following the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman. Kardashian was the man seen carrying Simpson’s garment bag the day that Simpson flew back from Chicago. Prosecutors speculated that the bag may have contained Simpson’s bloody clothes or the murder weapon.
Simpson failed to turn himself in at 11 a.m. on June 17, 1994, and Kardashian read a letter by Simpson to the collected media. The letter was interpreted by many as a suicide note.[3]
Death
Kardashian died of esophageal cancer on September 30, 2003.[4] He was 59 years old at the time of his death. Along with his wife, ex wife, and children, he was survived by his mother and siblings.
References
- ^ “Robert Kardashian, a Lawyer For O. J. Simpson, Dies at 59”. The New York Times. 3 October 2003. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/03/us/robert-kardashian-a-lawyer-for-o-j-simpson-dies-at-59.html?scp=1&sq=robert%20kardashian%20died&st=cse. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
- ^ Reed, Christopher (6 October 2003). “Obituary: Robert Kardashian”. The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2003/oct/06/guardianobituaries.usa. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
- ^ Lowry, Brian (21 June 2010). “From the couch: O.J.’s legacy continues”. Fox Sports. http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/OJ-Simspons-wild-ride-continues-says-Brian-Lowry. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
- ^ “Former O.J. Simpson lawyer, Kardashian, dies”. CNN. 1 October 2003. http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/10/01/OJattorney.dead/. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Kardashian, Robert |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | February 22, 1944 |
| Place of birth | Los Angeles, California |
| Date of death | September 30, 2003 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California |
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Jalal Talabani
Jalal Talabani
| Jalal Talabani | |
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| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 7 April 2005 |
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| Prime Minister | Ibrahim al-Jaafari Nouri al-Maliki |
|---|---|
| Vice President | Adil Abdul Mahdi Tariq al-Hashimi Khodair al-Khozaei |
| Preceded by | Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer (Acting) |
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| In office 1 November 2003 – 30 November 2003 |
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| Leader | Paul Bremer |
| Preceded by | Ayad Allawi |
| Succeeded by | Abdul Aziz al-Hakim |
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| Born | 12 November 1933 (1933-11-12) (age 77) Silemani, Iraq |
| Political party | Patriotic Union of Kurdistan |
| Spouse(s) | Hero Ibrahim Ahmed[1] |
| Children | Qubad |
| Alma mater | Baghdad University |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Jalal Talabani (Kurdish: جەلال تاڵەبانی Celal Tallebanî, Arabic: جلال طالباني Jalāl Tālabānī; born November 12, 1933) is the sixth and current President of Iraq, a leading Kurdish politician. He is the first non-Arab president of Iraq, although Abdul Kareem Qasim was half Kurdish.[2]
Talabani is the founder and secretary general of one of the main Kurdish political parties, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). He was a prominent member of the Interim Iraq Governing Council, which was established following the overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime by the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Talabani has been an advocate for Kurdish rights and democracy in Iraq for more than 50 years.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Early life
Talabani was born in 1933 in Talaban Village and descends from the Talabani tribe that has produced many leading social figures. He received his elementary and intermediate school education in Koya (Koysanjak) and his high school education in Erbil and Kirkuk. In the late 1950s Mustafa Barzani sent him to Syria to study law. He is fluent in Kurdish, Arabic, Persian(With a heavy Kurdish accent), and English. Talabani has a record of lifelong activism and leadership in the Kurdish and Iraqi causes. In 1946, at the age of 13 he formed a secret Kurdish student association. His youngest son, Qubad, is the representative of the Kurdistan Regional Government in the United States.
[edit] Career
[edit] Rights for Kurds
When in September 1961, the Kurdish revolution for the rights of the Kurds in Western Iraq was declared against the Baghdad government of Abdul Karim Qassem, Talabani took charge of the Kirkuk and Silemani battle fronts and organized and led separatist movements in Mawat, Rezan and the Karadagh regions. In March 1962, he led a coordinated offensive that brought about the liberation of the district of Sharbazher from Iraqi government forces. When not engaged in fighting in the early and mid 1960s, Talabani undertook numerous diplomatic missions, representing the Kurdish leadership at meetings in Europe and the Middle East.
The Kurdish separatist movement collapsed in March 1975 after Iran ended their support in exchange for a border agreement with Iraq. This agreement was the 1975 Algiers Agreement, where Iraq gave up claims to the Shatt al-Arab waterway and Khuzestan, which later became the basis for the Iran-Iraq war. Believing it was time to give a new direction to the Kurdish separatists and to the Kurdish society, Talabani, with a group of Kurdish intellectuals and activists, founded the Kurdish Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (Yekiaiti Nishtimani Kurdistan). In 1976, he began organizing an armed campaign for Kurdish independence inside Iraq. During the 1980s, Talabani sided with Iran and led a Kurdish struggle from bases inside Iraq until the crackdown against Kurdish separatists from 1987 to 1988.
In 1991, he helped inspire a renewed effort for Kurdish independence. He negotiated a ceasefire with the Iraqi Ba’athist government that saved the lives of many Kurds and worked closely with the US, UK, France and other countries to set up the safe haven in Iraqi Kurdistan. In 1992 the Kurdistan Regional Government was founded. Talabani has pursued a negotiated settlement to the internecine problems plaguing the Kurdish movement, as well as the larger issue of Kurdish rights in the current regional context. He works closely with other Kurdish politicians as well as the rest of the Iraqi opposition factions. In close coordination with Massoud Barzani, Talabani and the Kurds played a key role as a partner of the US-Coalition in the invasion of Iraq. Talabani was a member of the Iraqi Governing Council that negotiated the Transitional Administrative Law (TAL), Iraq‘s interim constitution. The TAL governed all politics in Iraq and the process of writing and adopting the final constitution.
[edit] Presidency
Jalal Talabani with President Barack Obama during a visit to Camp Victory, Iraq, April 7, 2009.
Talabani was elected President of Iraq on April 6, 2005 by the Iraqi National Assembly and sworn in to office the following day. On April 22, 2006, Talabani began his second term as President of Iraq, becoming the first President elected under the country’s new Constitution. Currently, his office is part of the Presidency Council of Iraq. Nawshirwan Mustafa was Talabani’s deputy until Mustafa resigned in 2006 and formed a media company called Wusha. Talabani visited the Cambridge Union Society UK, on 11 May 2007.[3] The visit itself was organized by the then President of Cambridge Union Society, Ali Al-Ansari. In an interview, during the visit, Jalal Talabani described Tony Blair as a ‘hero’ for helping secure Iraq’s freedom.[4] He was reelected by the Parliament for a new term on 11 November 2010.[5]
[edit] References
- ^ “Iraqi first lady survives bombing”. BBC News. 2008-05-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7382641.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
- ^ “Iraq’s president appoints Shiite as prime minister”. chinadaily.com. 2009-04-21. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/08/content_432343.htm. Retrieved 08-04-2005.
- ^ “President Talabani of Iraq Visits Cambridge”. http://www.cus.org/show_image/542.
- ^ “President Talabani of Iraq”. http://www.archive.org/details/cus_2007-05-11_speaker_president-talabani.
- ^ Iraq parliament elects Talabani president SignOnSanDiego, November 11 2010
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jalal Talabani |
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Wikinews has related news: Iraq’s President supports U.S. Senate plan to decentralize Iraq |
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New office | General Secretary of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 1975–present |
Incumbent |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Ayad Allawi |
President of the Governing Council of Iraq 2003 |
Succeeded by Abdul Aziz al-Hakim |
| Preceded by Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer Acting |
President of Iraq 2005–present |
Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Talabani, Jalal |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 12 November 1933 |
| Place of birth | Silemani, Iraq |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
Legal liability (Intentional creation of)
Legal liability
Legal liability is the legal bound obligation to pay debts.[1]
- In law a person is said to be legally liable when they are financially and legally responsible for something. Legal liability concerns both civil law and criminal law. See Strict liability. Under English law, with the passing of the Theft Act 1978, it is an offense to evade a liability dishonestly. Payment of damages usually resolved the liability. Vicarious liability arises under the common law doctrine of agency – respondeat superior – the responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinate.
- In commercial law, limited liability is a form of business ownership in which business owners are legally responsible for no more than the amount that they have contributed to a venture. If for example, a business goes bankrupt an owner with limited liability will not lose unrelated assets such as a personal residence (assuming they do not give personal guarantees). This is the standard model for larger businesses, in which a shareholder will only lose the amount invested (in the form of stock value decreasing). For an explanation see business entity.
- Manufacturer’s liability is a legal concept in most countries that reflects the fact that producers have a responsibility not to sell a defective product. See product liability.
Stelazine
Trifluoperazine
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|
|---|---|
| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 10-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]- 2-(trifluoromethyl)-10H-phenothiazine |
|
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 117-89-5 |
| ATC code | N05AB06 |
| PubChem | CID 5566 |
| IUPHAR ligand ID | 214 |
| DrugBank | DB00831 |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C21H24F3N3S |
| Mol. mass | 407.497 |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Half-life | 10–20 hours |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. | C(AU) C(US) |
| Legal status | POM (UK) ℞-only (US) |
| Routes | oral, IM |
 (what is this?) (verify)Y |
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Contents[hide] |
[edit] Uses
| “ | For most patients with AD, withdrawal of neuroleptics had no overall detrimental effect on functional and cognitive status and by some measures improved functional and cognitive status. Neuroleptics may have some value in the maintenance treatment of more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms, but this possibility must be weighed against the unwanted effects of therapy. The current study helps to inform a clinical management strategy for current practice, but the considerable risks of maintenance therapy highlight the urgency of further work to find, develop, and implement safer and more effective treatment approaches for neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with AD. | ” |
[edit] Pharmacology
[edit] Side effects
Johnson and Johnson
Johnson & Johnson
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|
| Type | Public (NYSE: JNJ) Dow Jones Industrial Average Component |
|---|---|
| Industry | Major drugs Health care Soaps Shampoos |
| Founded | 1886 |
| Founder(s) | Robert Wood Johnson I James Wood Johnson Edward Mead Johnson |
| Headquarters | New Brunswick, NJ, U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | William C. Weldon (Chairman) & (CEO) |
| Products | Pharmaceuticals Medical devices Health care products Toiletries Soaps Shampoos , etc. |
| Revenue | ▲ US$61.9 Billion (FY 2009)[1] |
| Operating income | ▲ US$15.7 Billion (FY 2009)[1] |
| Net income | ▲ US$12.3 Billion (FY 2009)[1] |
| Total assets | ▲ US$94.7 Billion (FY 2009)[2] |
| Total equity | ▲ US$50.6 Billion (FY 2009)[2] |
| Employees | 118,700 (2009)[3] |
| Website | JNJ.com also JJ.com |
Eli Lilly
Eli Lilly
| Eli Lilly | |
|---|---|
 Colonel Eli Lilly in 1885 |
|
| Born | July 8, 1838(1838-07-08) Baltimore, Maryland |
| Died | June 6, 1898 (aged 59) Indianapolis , Indiana |
| Cause of death | Cancer |
| Resting place | Crown Hill Cemetery Indianapolis , Indiana |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Pharmacology |
| Alma mater | Asbury College |
| Occupation | Pharmaceutical Chemist Soldier Industrialist |
| Known for | Eli Lilly & co. Philanthropy |
| Home town | Indianapolis, Indiana |
| Title | Colonel |
| Political party | Republican |
| Religion | Methodist |
| Spouse | Emily Lemen (1860–1866) Maria Cynthia Sloan (1869–1898) |
| Children | Josiah K. Lilly, Sr. |
| Parents | Esther & Gustavus Lilly |
| Relatives | Eli Lilly (Grandson) Josiah K. Lilly, Jr. (Grandson) |
| Signature | |
 |
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Contents
[show]
AstraZeneca
AstraZeneca
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|
| Type | Public limited company (LSE: AZN, NASDAQ: AZN, OMX: AZN) |
|---|---|
| Industry | Pharmaceutical |
| Founded | 6 April 1999 by merger |
| Headquarters | London, United Kingdom |
| Key people | Louis Schweitzer, Chairman David R. Brennan, Chief Executive Officer[1] |
| Products | Pharmaceutical products for humans |
| Revenue | $32,804 million (2009)[2] |
| Operating income | $11,543 million (2009)[2] |
| Net income | $7,544 million (2009)[2] |
| Total assets | ▼ US$46.8 Billion (FY 2009)[3] |
| Total equity | ▲ US$15.9 Billion (FY 2009)[3] |
| Employees | 62,000 (2010)[4] |
| Website | astrazeneca.com |
Contents
[show]
Lexus
Lexus
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|
| Type | Division |
|---|---|
| Industry | Automotive industry |
| Founded | 1989 |
| Founder(s) | Eiji Toyoda |
| Headquarters | Toyota, Aichi, Japan |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Kazuo Ohara (MO) Vince Socco (VP, Asia Pacific) Andy Pfeiffenberger (VP, EU) Mark Templin (VP, U.S.) |
| Products | Automobiles |
| Services | Automotive financing |
| Parent | Toyota Motor Corporation (TYO: 7203) (NYSE: TM) |
| Divisions | F marque |
| Website | Lexus.com Lexus.co.uk Lexus.eu Lexus.jp |
Freddie Mercury
Freddie Mercury
| Freddie Mercury | |
|---|---|
Mercury performing in New Haven, CT, 1977
|
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Farrokh Bulsara |
| Born | 5 September 1946(1946-09-05) Stone Town, Zanzibar |
| Origin | London, England, UK[1] |
| Died | 24 November 1991 (aged 45) Kensington , London, England, United Kingdom |
| Genres | Rock, Hard rock |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, record producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, keyboards, guitar |
| Years active | 1969–91 |
| Labels | Columbia, Polydor, EMI, Parlophone, Hollywood Records |
| Associated acts | Queen, Wreckage/Ibex, Montserrat Caballé |
Contents[show] |
Early life
The house in Zanzibar where Mercury lived in his early years
Career
Singer
Songwriter
Mercury, performing live with his bottomless microphone stand
Live performer
en delivered to stadium audiences around the world. He displayed a highly theatrical style that often evoked a great deal of participation from the crowd. A writer for The Spectator described him as “a performer out to tease, shock and ultimately charm his audience with various extravagant versions of himself”.[29] David Bowie, who performed at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert and recorded the song “Under Pressure” with Queen, praised Mercury’s performance style, saying: “Of all the more theatrical rock performers, Freddie took it further than the rest… he took it over the edge. And of course, I always admired a man who wears tights. I only saw him in concert once and as they say, he was definitely a man who could hold an audience in the palm of his hand.”[30]
Instrumentalist
ny of Queen’s most popular songs, including “Killer Queen“, “Bohemian Rhapsody“, “Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy“, “We Are the Champions“, “Somebody To Love” and “Don’t Stop Me Now“. He used concert grand pianos and, occasionally, other keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord. From 1980 onward, he also made frequent use of synthesizers in the studio. Queen guitarist Brian May claims that Mercury was unimpressed with his own abilities at the piano and used the instrument less over time because he wanted to walk around onstage and entertain the audience.[37] Although he wrote many lines for the guitar, Mercury possessed only rudimentary skills on the instrument. Songs like “Ogre Battle” and “Crazy Little Thing Called Love” were composed on the guitar; the latter featured Mercury playing acoustic guitar both on stage and in the studio.
Powers and Principalities 